LnSOS BOOT 1.1 SOS.KERNEL SOS KRNLI/O ERRORFILE 'SOS.KERNEL' NOT FOUND%INVALID KERNEL FILE: xةw,@  ȱlmi8#)!) /// /// /// /// /// /// /// /// /// /// /// /// /// /// /// /// SIG, Washington Apple Pi 12022 Parklawn Drive Rockville, MD. 20852 (301)-984-0300+ATUNC.90.91+RMENU.MAKER>>*QUICK.NOTElW9!**SOS.DRIVER o4 Z*SOS.INTERP 4keW8! *SOS.KERNEL @,VW9!a%SEG.T jŸ/ )PRINT.ALL bc DISKNAME.DAT)W:!e.-READ.ME.FIRSTy,g)EM.REBOOTMSC bc FLASHNAME.DATJW:gHELLO W8!*HELLO.TEXT y3l4III.INFORM.065Au' (A3.NOTES bb/+ADVANCED.VC bb0,ADVANCED.VC2bb6.APPLE3.FOREVER bb,BASIC.LIMITS*bc9.BUSINESS.BASIC >dLԡm#i㰼m#iЕOLԡȱfg hi !dLԡ憦  Ljmkm l y`2 Lԡ8(Je稽)ʈ@L WELCOME! WAP /// SIG Public Domain Library Disk Category/Number: Information/3INF-06 Disk Format: Self-booting Basic This is the original "Best Of" offeri CONV&CONV$CONV%LEFT$RIGHT$MID$INSTR>=<^/*-+NEXT WITHOUT FOSYNTARETURN WITHOUT GOSUOUT OF DATILLEGAL QUANTITOVERFLOOUT OF MEMORUNDEF'D STATEMENBAD SUBSCRIPRANGINVOKSTACK OVERFLOREDIM'D ARRADIVISION BY ZERILLEGAL DIRECTYPE MISMATNDEELSCONLISCLEAGENETABTSPCUSINTHEAMOSTEANOEXTENSIODIAFNOAAAAAAAAAAAAAASGNINTABSATYPRECAAAAAAAAAAPDLBUTTONSQRRNDLOGEXPCOSSINTANATNAAAAAAAAAAAASTR$HEX$CHR$LENVALASCTENAACONVOERRLIERKBEOTIMEDATEPREFIXEXFNEXFN%OUTREINDENAAAAAAAPOHOMA SUB$OFTRACNOTRACNORMAINVERSSCALERESUMALEGOTIRESTORSWAGOSURETURRESTOOALOASAVDELETRURENAMLOCUNLOCCREATEXECHAIAAACATALOAADATIMAGCADEAPRIssssssssss\3!z~IssssssssssssIG%ӓ,ssևwn7}|tttUUZ{fzxxˆU膅[L<^ENFONEXINPUOUTPUDIREAWRITOPECLOSATEXABYAAAAAWINDOINVOKPERFORAAFRHPOVP̠Ώ h:gpOn[n٧s]ds3issssssss0b>&dsjs|T}|s[  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>ŭ᭭򭭪𭭠򠭠頭퀠Šӳ頠𠠀𠠠堠젭ӠΠSOS NTRPRHeLZĠР쁭堠堠ՠP򠭠έ魭 :#2,".D1/hello.text" ž#265 (#2;ERIN$ 2ERIN$<40A#2/F=23:=25:"PRESS ANY KEY TO CONTINUE.":G$P".d1/Menu.Maker"ful whether you're a beginner or advanced user. There are lots of tidbits and tips you can use! The WAP /// SIG thanks ATUNC for its support of the /// over the years. We hope you enjoy this disk and encourage your submission of programs or other ing from the Apple Three Users of Northern California (ATUNC) Newsletter. ATUNC was one of the oldest Apple /// User Groups and was traditionally one of the strongest technical groups in the /// Community. 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ɃɄ b`" lJJJJYe s ˰L8Ls LԫN l@u=ekPe tMe )llNesOet NeOetMeCOeNeȌ=e>e;e ƬƫHH ,hohp` ɩCe0R`ȹR`ee?e@e ue 5e T L=e;e`Lso`n}pm aa`dyopd8isŠt`dyoopd8ip`J uv`&&&8孪孪宐橈`! @ uA?B@B 悅@=g>h>h ]=i>j>k a=g8i>hj>h 悅ki=5j>6k6SOS KRNLb.D1/SOS.INTERPŠ̠Š.D1/SOS.DRIVERР頞 0 ) (lH'&3&'&#e'#%e'%'&"$"$#%'#%h`$eh`L)i   HH `TH..TH..TH..THATS ALL, FOLKS!R`RT RT`#RT RRRRR`0R`RR 㵩:RRL㵆  ~ RR`BLOCKS FREE: BLOCKS USED: TOTAL BLOCKS: sj]"]\AjiGa@aI[5x<^sě xCxEx5eҥV{}g}gkj̐kIk~^hT}27uejewsHH st\hh H PASCODPASTXTTEXT PASDTABINARYFONT FOTO BASIC DATA WPTEXTSYSTEMRESERVRESERVCAT RPSDATRPSIDXAFDISCASMOD AFRPT SCNLIBk;eo $'>ed?eehi?e ueL5e qrL,op ɩ`et?ek;e`hZ L<^hZL<^L=ee>e ?e`opqrst !e5ehe?eLje LjeR=89R>:>:iR:RiRRiRL`8(RR(`EeFe  s bq Vml0L dMeL` bՍe :RRRiRȐȰRe9Re: J 2IHJh*=>> 95:6:6R L1 1Lԫ`L:^  aFL^R, ue 5eLڭR7>e?e5e?eJeKeLje֩ u>e?eՍ "] a a$% iLg֢   sLj$%`8f  a e ; ` s ɩ` YLILcopL7 z0xH ׫$0_ ;h8fH`aai shH2 h zJJJJf Ik ɩ` ̬ t os YLA ևLLק jWXX` ׫$`ɥ%e,ȥ,*,- y,,,-,,,ȱ,,- yL+,ȑ,` 2"p-,-L(Ġ %>,i-i8, ȱ,%,W,pp ڠ %p`l  " ) i ?ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghij0 `8`HiHiH ihhȱh`86)IH)heuQɸ` ` W` ] %饚0` W` ߰4`)|E8LLLRLLLLL*LLLLLhh`LLL`SOS 1.3 01-NOV-82(C) 1980, 1982 BY APPLE COMPUTER INC. ) `G`î** }*`o^`on 8 JJAj@` *?($`ΠņɠŠ堠РѠ͠஠әƆH v?c,,,,h߈ߢ~))`3PLLP*%(i&`Ѕ񩏍E H pph`XǠĠӠ!((ͽϠРРSOS NTRPSOS DRVR(.D1(YYYYMMDDWHHMMSSMMM̱忠ΠͽŠ堠Р͠Ю̠Ɔx߭J ʈc(()o/ e/''ʈ((''()(1i / e/''ʈ((''((''((''' ('`ŠDAY, DD-MON-YY HH:MMSUNMONTUEWEDTHUFRISATJANFEBMARAPRMAYJUNJULAUGSEPOCTNOVDECԠŠР@L&I/O ERRORINTERPRETER FILE NOT FOUNDINVALID INTERPRETER FILEINCOMPATIBLE INTERPRETERDRIVER FILE NOT FOUNDINVALID DRIVER FILEDRIVER FILE TOO LARGEROM ERROR: PLEASE NOTIFY YOUR DEALERTOO MANY DEVICESTOO MANY BLOCK DEVICESEMPTY DRIVER FILE '(i%%%h}%%`8 ȥ!8 !)"qȥ#q#e$ȱe%L)%`@(((( % %`((((࠰$(ɠH(@(h((((@(`%z %% %~(A{(L%`.8(.Je.&ʈ.s(1 6$P8"ȥ#L1$8"ȥ#(ϸ`"##L]$"qȥ#q0,$p)@"q"ȩq"8`*$% $% 8% $L$* $8%8 $`8 &'$% 8&$'% 8$%%`H   q ȥ q Hi hi 1  % H H ȱ h h % $$ 0 e e H i hi âz %` 1 8`    # &ȱ ' # i" i# # #`8 ȥ H h `8 6$P`8"#%#%"$w"$#%"`荚ٍ荺 荚`荺``` D ( )  * ) 4* * h* ))` L% q ȥ q Hi hi  i" i# #% $ȱ %ȱ &ȱ '`<!((g %(r(z(q( %y(i(0z %"#$ %&' $"#$%&'   `%$%ɠ%* " ~#C #p $ %*0"#)#)i $"% * %*  L! {" j% %ƌ(X#"$% "$ #%%& '   ` {" & ɠ% %)  !( (" %(r(z(q( %y(a(0: %   "$%&e$'e% R % <`` LLɠ8`ΛLL渠`ǽi `< Ȱ+<#5 ې'` ɐ /ݐE`W8`R` 5&i ` Ȱ 0i `<8> ȐT eİF cȰB)Hh5 ˭)*ȑƑȥǑ'(ȑ`L)ɭ)Ѷ*e`M) `ۅH)Ѱ%}ʈh Qܐ'``hi ` p6۽ʹZ5 HȐ/i i `гW8`0( ɐ Ȱ ʮ6E`5 խ ɐ ޢ ȰLȍ۱Ǎ X̰% & !J8` *LĢ `8 iۥƍۥǍ`ۅ %  6 )Ѱ Ѱ` 𝭧e ǐ bǰL*ۈ5ȱ۠ƍȱǍ X̐ H h1  /ݐE`ۈۅ ۅ 8ƭ X̐`LLŠǠ  ݭv̅w̅ ðzv̍ŭw̍ŭƭ ­ōō T̰]ŅƮņ X̠8iȱiiȱi ṰŅǭŅ XLōۭ۩ۅ ȱ8D`F`8eYƍťǍŠ)͠ Wٍۭۅ5ۅƭۅ X̰ ìۈۑ T̰ۅƭۅ X̰ۙ%ۍ" T`K8`)` İ ۱ۈ` ưW/ۈęۈЍ۩@` 8 MƐ  5 Q8`LŅ ۅ ۩ۍۅ Lɰ ʰۅۄÍÍۙ'Ù ۍ*ۨ  Ѝ۹ۙ8v- ðJ ¥ ð, ðLO ʰƥLT`'  mې浰``8 8 nʰ0 ̰+泱Ƴ m° x̰ ̐8` m° x̰8 ۢ8 ˰y ` ¥ nʰ泱Ƴ T̰#泪 Ѳ *Ƴ ` L:Ϡ`泑Ƴ` LaĥH8`JȘ I8`  S`ۈۥۥ۩Íۭۍۭۍ հL¢H8`Jj Ȅ ۍۆeۅiۅ Lɰ ʰWۅۄ ¦J> ɩE` eĐL Ȑ 15WL QL5WW{5 ې'`,55 ې'` ݠ B1 ȩȑ Lɦ8`5  @ R㥶i ` İG8`F`X8``éۅĩ >` T֩xxMH]@ Kۅ5H ɐE$ eİ Ȱ h`h`8`W h8`hR`hLҿ i x +ۅ5ۅ6 ǰ `E8<W`­ `0XLۅ5` ռ``ߤeI`IiţO`Ȯʆ/ )󘑡`()0zq 滅ѺY Ueۅ5Ѻ Ѻ  Qܐ'`i ҩ *C8/y.i/ ȑ  © $ E7<3W`ȽLֽȄ @8`R ) [)_[AͰ")[)_[A:0/.ЩȑΘ8e * ȩ`Loü 7)?۽۩ W٠Յ<ōōř ռV7 uM78 V榠=ü#)@5 ɐ /ݐE ) .) @L `lqhٯ޿=ϓTXIֲ̛̐~ؠIJK,-NOPQ0vt Ѷ"` ɰ Ȑ`E`Ɔ X̐8`>>5Ѷ Qܩ<`>`\ʊJJJJ ۍ۩  ˰Fȱ X̰6 0 Lɠ 0ۑۑ8ȱ`H8` ɹ $  8JJJJ8 ` ۪` H hQ)fʅ F jF jF jF &!  eװ*  ̰F湥 ƹ`Z8`@  ʰ泭ۑƳ ʐ` ʐ` ˰ ƹ Wː`ۘ . . .۪8*Jۦȱ ˦,+* ʈJj =ؠ yiȩ`y4泱ƳHhz ʠiȱizLA`L;ؠ"  `1` Đ7@8V۩ Lɠ۪8ۊ۠X)JJJƄ X Ġȱ۠ ȍ۱۠ ۭ) ۍ ð*)#  O̰``)(`N8` ) xհۈ ̰آ*գ  Ͱ ݢգ LvL{ؠ;i ڥ(8` ְ( ȱ5 HȦ)`Lxץ: ש ְ⥺i ꥻ(8`Lx Lxש u )۠0)p խ.8`)@ ϰ) ϰۈۅƭۅǭۅ5 X̰ *ƭ۬͵̶L  ΐ` Wհ> H۪ȱHۑhƳh sϰq ` ʰiȱi `)5©éՅĩ5 }JJ+`.`8`ɂ )`@ ש ְO ֤FHۑۑh8`P) հ Wհҥ,J+j泭۪ƳۑȊ ) ~ fPL ͊.>.ʱ+,EP!.E.Lw+,,ӄ*- P*e (` հB հ5 Wհ0,J۪泭ۑƳ sϰ(` L Ͱ2 ~ P kҐ#L8 T 2ΠHHȑhhȑ`Ld )N8` xհ*eȱ+eȱ,i۠Ѻ۹ۑ񥤅- ť.Lcԥ.La Ͱ$)rJ Lɰ )# Ԑ) ͰU..++,,IJ/ ӥ-.?Цե,J+jѲ4Ƴǥ4聠 H hH kh8`8-ȥ.L 8*Ʊ )8 0*-`.G.ʱ*+,EP'.E.LұE0+,,ӄ*p-e  )LBѠٳ )8`i (` )N8`*eȱ+eȱ,i۠Ѻ*ȱ+L - ť.Lkҥ. ՅL ͐Ld ~ pа.J/)@߅4N8`) ))УJ8` ۑȭۑǠۑۑȭۑ($S8`O8` "` / 򑺠+* ͐H h8` ΰi `()  *ǵ յý5Ņ4gȩυɩč5 iψ }.8` iϙLIѠ ˢ L΢ ΰ LϠ ˢ ΰ1` Đ@ АP8`B8`ۑJJJJ -ѥ +jѲ84ƳJJ 2ΐ3泑ƳLTΩ潑ƽ`ƱƳ ΰ( {Π۵*+)e`8`)` J J + ΰ" 0 ΰ 🱼ѼL8`ǩ Ϡ` ϰ ƑȥǑ` Ѻе*`)ȥ+8ۍې  ,ѺLTΠ"LΠ5 խ ɐ /ݐE`C8`)@ ϰa)ۥ,8ېu+J,\ ȱLJΠ) ϰ'#,J(] { ΰ ƑȥǑ.8` { ΰ,JѲ ƳL΅ƱƳ ΰҥ,J0`#$"0#`!qȱi 5H5Ƶ ǽ jh5`L2̩ƍv̥Ǎw̩ÎL%ϠƄǥLj̩۬L~̠HHh` ̐`*ѺG0?M`)J"u-- M8`۬` # ː`  = O̰)= I`JJJJѶQi Lˢ  0 ̐ `"L˦ `H8`8$$"$= O̰=`$0`#$"0`$Jۑĥ` İo!)N8`WپX0 ĥLä X0 ĥLà !"#$ Đ2@H AڰCŰrP` 3ڰ(` AڰѶ? İG8`Fە1 ռ İ ЩP߭)@N8`1@8` Aڰ񈱴ۈ)ۅƭۅ X̰ 3ڰLÍLT̥L㼠  ʰ` İK ХP8` LɐH80)N  հ)@LO ˰)0 ̐` M ­۠泭ۑƳѲƱƳ X̰ Rڰä,] Xx,f (I0јIFjFjFji```x@gŽPy+wLwԠ͠ŠԹ.D1 .D2 .D3 .D`HJJJJh)y` (2ϩ 1ޠ== f ɰ`ޭ`5=(5= i Х(`=H hDC5 L3ܵ ɐ /ݐ 8`5 ˥JJJJ8 H h ` ܠ825H h5 ɐ /ݐ 8`Hh ܥ5 `ɥܥܥܥܥ5`܅܅܅܅܅5`( ݰ)Ѻ ݰL ݰ泱Ƴ ʰȭۮ ʰͩΪΩۦ eװqȭqLJ  ˰Aۅƭۅ X̰2%&N  ʰƭ X̐`Ӏ堁ӠҠՈ՘̠ƠŠӠ̠ɤӮȪŅ͠Ϊ ܆5 HȰ4 )ߍ) hjjjjۥ0CF = -$(L !LLL&L L-LJ٥eƦ ,L  # ` (L.L…ҥÅӭƅХDžѥL1LUȑ  i ߩLL )  札)  ҩLL` **éL0;` H ) abRcdTefVghXijSdfhj RR`^0U ` 0 ʠ0 8 `ůàՠԠàࠝӢӠ ȠDž̖͌͊頀ϐωŠŠӠҠȠγ`%!^0 ^)@`a R =` *^)ـooL]^)?i |TU QTU]qUoqTITsUsprRprqs]ToUXa` RL=Xa` R` *R`X`U T  *\AX[ @F\B9ɏ5\o*Ɂo)[[ @^`U V  *C?^0: ݳ ٢ ^)?i` *)@o `p^ XiH 1h `)X0 8~X 1`C X`)X0`C РǠ𠠐ŠŠӠҠȠƠŮƠҢâӠUAQY @?ZY 9ZYY^TU QZoȥɭ }`` ? }``  }`X0i 8~XX0H }h襯` ©Wéĭ }0W`F X0A */5BL. zF`LLz Lz`Y `Ơ堧 B k L( LO  %   }` ` ?!©UéĩU󥣍V }`` ?)) $p10LYeieLVȱ d0L`Hȱ hh` WɸSI I.ȩ8A 8ɸ4ɠ(H)h h8   `    i Ȣ d` $,)?P^ GL㢮 5L}P.)(Ơ L`ޠ LR  稱 I)0JJJJѤ  БĈ` H`)à`֩ нѽ>`]PU]]UPPX0 0 PPXPP  į󠠩ҙ̙ɠΠɊՐӠӢ̢ՠҠŠԠҚРĠ鱃ԠȠࠠLQ  * WHHH>%H H @`)h8`  HШБˆeЅА SYSTEM FAILURE = $hh8`hhhxآY_Z@tPRVT,p S JJJJ ) ʍL@ i0i6`îӉ͠堧ǥӥ``HhHy)(h`H` 0L?i `h` `` `x)( 8 `jjJJԥ)եӬɂ )Ӆ҅`  `H0Xh`Π'à̠ȈL` 8`څ  Lk%  Lk8Lu텚8嚅 L L Ld V ``  h` ک V `ۅץ  VLFx) ( :` H ) L  .P'pб0 &L:L5'8+8`0Fܢ` ř,Ř 0 8f)J DžŠƠŚ̮ÎȠ Ӡ̠Ӡ` LL#L/LL'Lgab `abBcd cdBrcadbho:ab.cݰdDcݰd8abҊ v+abcde0f`   cCȱcD C Ea  UV 1 ELUFVG FUUCVDեYCWZDXWXCUDV[ v`b0WXYZiUcȥVcWX eeYZ ggE` @SATRnpqrstuvwxyz{|}~GA7  3  5  >>< (&20 *, **>> "2*&" " >>  ">> "8""> """"""< SOS DRVR"CUSTOM.3 )((8*,;((*,((+)((9/(p((>3  =9 :9 .(~|L|LNqooGoDDDcc0ccpc]]c"QM"|@@pAATT**| numbers, this program will permit a screen text printout whenever a keyboard input is allowed. Use the KEYPAD NUMBERS for this command. You will see a letter at the upper right screen position indicating your selection. Except for programs which have redefined the use of the keypadkmen to your printer. Use Control-1 to request screen text printout. Control-2 will toggle from normal to condensed size print. (if you have an Apple DMP) A QUICK NOTE: Included with your SOS.Driver file is the Attach.Driver. An explanation of how to use it follows: The "ATTACH" Driver will let you send a copy of what you see on the scre  )* i LiHh`PQPQ>P Q,PQ"PɀQ@PAQ`8`nɀ<)nopoLpp` 0h8蘠fȊf` ab 1abo)abaݰb L9c`` a N0Ioa0H ha`pLopna n`  3ɠ/8 L %iLɠ8逨J Hh $`b >_-%^%p_^^_ab"08^c_L8^c_L8^c_L8^c_ȑcc\] ab^_ ``aV R0M bba dda `Q8STRQ ST`c\ȱc]a  b 5DU e\^e]_ ^_ ^_LH8\^]_?Je\^e]_,78\^]_ ^ݰ_ ^_LH^_ $bL@A^_aoQ*@A RQL@A `T8`RLSJTKQHIQiHiIKNJ)M8逅OPOPHMIN'a MHNILHOIPaOHPI8JHFKIGFGaHMINNMʆSTL8HSITQQST>> ""*:<"">""""""""""""">>><2"<""">""" ""  ">"6**"""""&*2""""""""""""*,"" "" ">""""""""""""""**6"""""""> >>>xrL ==L: ,lCL <=L: <,n)LL8 L8 u:L8 ;)ߍ;j`; ;j`uBL8 uCL8 u)u;) u;L8    x) `(,  LuL-upp<`uqq=L: vuL L L #1:CY` 9C<m><=m@=>@?AL8 >m<>@m=@<=L8 <m>?=m@AL8 C9L8 ; ;k`;);k`,@`<,m p<L<`<p<`,ms<L=q=L: ,lXґȥӑ,10 h0  `,g0L  ҅ӥĥŰ+,0p 4 Ls  Ls i )"|tȌs|st HH` MjH,: <J h̰ <rh,oL`%CYgu9 Ln90$0%,7 ҥ L$0T,8OK50P;ҥ,8 L%\   8҅¥Ӆé҅L,5,6  & @jIH,5 p  He҅Ґhe…å逅h,23Lhʩd8,h)ec efeede`,5 H  h 4  `5!    4(P 4 4  `,g0L,10kH0 ԥ f0)ĭ9)9҅xh(ĥŐL i,1HȊ©L,52,9-P" a{) b) )ab)a a,h0& &+%a0 +hcefd(c,@cfabdf`cnx  (,4h`dd,9P"<:J H) +̰ H) +ʭcP h̰BTVSPLH   5"ʘ HH` (# (=  0`)aI88  >!SHOLES 1!1!2@23#3#4$4$5%5%6^67&7&8*8*9(9(0)0)-_-=+=+\|QWERTYUI OP[{]}`~`~ASDFGHJ K L ;:;:'"'"ZXCVBNM ,<,<.>.>/?/?d0hp00000>0# #0~$ <"<"""<< <"""<"><$""< """"  "" 6***""""""""""<""< :< $"""2,"""""**6"""""< >>> <Le Le ,g0L HH`! 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P nCHSKUS7   !}P CHSYEAR(S)PG(S)S)SUBJECT COLLECTION-NOTE---ARTICLES3   TITLEory 1MAGAZINE/NEWSLETTERAUTHORVOLUMNMONTHDAYISSUE-`DDD/W'   2    1985CT RECORDSDeadne 68000 isn'On Three-      !ZnCHSauthor of 3EZ Pieces writes a short letter to ATUNC toDlend his support to the ///. Says he still uses it in his business.The Story of SARAATUNC NewsletterShaw7March319906 Apple ///Yes@Author discusses the similaries between the Apple /// (SaSuttles7February219907 New Users 02Yes=Suttles continues his discussion of 3EZ Pieces. This edition0discusses the Help menu and Open Apple commands.Long Live the Apple ///ATUNC NewsletterLissner7March319901-2 Apple ///YesCThe original dules (Calculator Module) and using with a hard disk, etc. CASCIO DiskATUNC NewsletterLinders7February219904Disk AllignmentYes@The author describes CASCIO allignment hardware and software foralligning disks. Nuer's CornerATUNC Newsletterthe Macro Manager and Disk Manager Modules (Part 2)ATUNC NewsletterDownes7February219901-3Desktop ManagerYesCThe author discusses two of the more powerful modules available forBOn Three's Desktop Manager background utility. Tips for some otherinstall embedded printer command7April419904-5 New Users 04Yes7Spreadsheeting with 3EZ Pieces and Open Apple commands.On The Trail of the Apple ///ATUNC NewsletterOttalini7April419903 OttATUNC 01YesA24 pin Printers and Keyboard light problems. Reprint from the WAPJouWorks that can also serve 3EZ Pieces users.Font Features of Control VATUNC Newsletter Altenhaus7April419902Control V in AppleWriterYesBUsing Control V command to insert control characters for printing. Nuer's CornerATUNC NewsletterSuttlesost out of their machines. ButterflyATUNC Newsletter Lomartire7April419903-4 Basic ProgramYes5Short Basic program to produce a butterfly on screen.Books on 3EZ PiecesATUNC NewsletterShaw7April419905BooksYesCRecent books about AppleApple commands. Apple /// United FrontATUNC NewsletterOttalini7March319902-3 WAP /// SIGYesBThe author describes recent activities of the /// Special InterestGGroup of Washington Apple Pi. Discusses what ///ers can do to continue'getting the mple /// keyboard light with anLED and 100 ohm resister. Nuer's CornerATUNC NewsletterSuttles7March319905 New Users 03YesCSuttles continues his discussion of 3EZ Pieces. Emphasis this monthEis on the data base module with a listing of the Open ers 06YesCSuttles continues on 3EZ Pieces, this session focusing on cut/pasteDtechniques in integrating data from the data base and spread sheets.History of the ///ers UnanimousATUNC NewsletterCowman7August819906-7User Group HistoryYes@Author's history of this Apple /// User Group (later folded intoATUNC).No WD-40 Please!ATUNC NewsletterLinders7August819904WD 40YesCAuthor Linders says to disregard suggestion of Clide Kirlin in JulyBATUNC Newsletter to spray WD-40 into a sticky THPOS=44:I/2<>I/2)I=I+1I2=-1:I=I-2:IBOTM<30THPOS=44I=IBOTM/2)*2:=+IBOTM/2)-1:0=+IBOTM/2-.5):I=IBOTM:I/2=I/2)I=I-1 œ2120B=(80+LCA)"PRINT.ALL".KA=(81+UCA)A=(81+LCA):::: Reboot *LA=(83+LCA)A=(83+UCA)"PRINT.SHOW"N=THPOS:B$(I);XA<8A>11540bA-7640,660,690,720l:=THPOS:B$(I);v:520: 500THPOS=4:I/2=I/2)I=I-1I=IBOTM00 =Q:WW=0A=:A=21A=9&oldprefix$=40A=31410: Control C "aborts" program to Basic(:A=13770: Return Selects a file *DA=27:50: Escape to change disks7FA=324000: back out one directory level )IA=(80+UCA)A=SIC 0":150A$="TEXT 0":150A$="CAT 0":150A$="FONT 0":150A$="FOTO 0":150A$(L),"BLOCKS")510*=27:=19:"FREE MEMORY AVAILABLE: ";=7:=20:"80C";A$(L);$:=5:THPOS=4:I=1:IBOTM=J-1:620Q=:=26:=21:16; +Q Quits."r12);::"80C";a$;:+w#9,"DISKNAME.DAT":#9;DISKNAME$:#9|d$=DISKNAME$$=23:=0::"80C";d$;::12)201M=3:=14:"This /// SIG Disk is \^ 19";Р,2)", Washington Apple `, Ltd."=4:B$(1)="":B$(2)=""A$="BA16,B) THEN 240 #1, d$="":=10:"80C";d$ ž#1300I=0"I=I+1:#1;A$(I):290,#1 6L=I-1@j=1:same=0 J:SEG=0 Tœ2030^CT<1CT=1:CT>13000Zha$="{,|,~,}; selects; to new disk; J/2)=4:=+1:ۙ=44B$(J);:J=J+1I:1,180,22:2,280,21:2,2380,23:8A$(1000),B$(1000),C%(511),C$(20),name$(20):=10:=0UCA=128:LCA=UCA+32CT=15 IF PREFIX$= PREFIX$+MID$(B$(I),NAMIC.DRIVERS KEYSTROKE MANEFESTO POWERKEYS QUESTIONS QUESTIONS2 RAM.TEST SERIAL.CABLE SOS.DRIVERS THREE.EZPS UPGRADE.512K UTILITIES VIS.BRIDGE March, 1989 Updated January, 1993; March, 1995 ler7 September919902-4ReviewYesCAuthor compares these two programs and comes to the conclusion that#3EZP is the better overall program.Good Old Days 2ATUNC NewsletterPlum7October1019901+Computer History 02Yes=Another history lesson on 7 September919905-7#Return Character in Word ProcessingYesIThe author discusses use of the Return character in word processing underBthree circumstances: 1) Labels; Envelopes and 3) Letter Closings.3EZ Pieces vs. AppleWriterATUNC NewsletterWheekey. Suggests air or1cleaning with isopropyl alcohol but nothing else.A Suggestion and a QuestionATUNC Newsletter Lomartire7 September919905ProblemsYes1Some questions about Quickfile and Applefile ///. Line It Up!ATUNC Newsletter LomartireB$(I),16)," ")-1 B$(I),"BASIC 0")850B$(I),"TEXT 0")890 B$(I),"CAT 0")1140*B$(I),"FONT 0")18504B$(I),"FOTO 0")1930>B$(I),"PASTXT 0")2070H540R\A$="RUNNING "+B$(I),16,B)f"79C";A$;:=0pB$(I),16,B) z::SEG=1".D1/SEG.T"t=+B$(I),16,B) yCT=CT+1~240:=24:=0:"@ ..... "DATE.TIME.LINE" ....JM=Ҡ,4,2))BTM1630,1640,1650,1660,1670,1680,1690,1700,1710,1720,1730,1740^M$="JANUARY":1750h receive the data. This is the accounting of my procedure to send information between 2 Apple ///s with both machines using Terminus as the communications software. Terminus is Quark's telecommunications program. Terminus requires Word Juggler to run. REPRINTED FROM THE MARCH 1985 ATUNC NEWSLETTER SOME APPLE /// NOTES BY Rod Whitten APPLE /// TO APPLE /// COMMUNICATION In order to send information back and forth to other users it is necessary to configure your communications program properly toJOIN OTHER WAP /// SIG MEMBERS ON THE TCS! CALL THE WAP OFFICE FOR COSTS. THE BEST OF THE ATUNC NEWSLETTER VOL. 1 U.MAKER 6.2 * Thanks to C.M.Davidson for his help!HIS SUBDIRECTORY"$=23:=0::"80C";b$;::12)0X=1200:XCT=CT-1:CT<12405l=ơ):: Routine to back up one directory level.a$=С,l-1) s=a$)a$=a$,s-1)a$,1)="/"5060:s=s-1 5030=a$240 MENne 202:U=11:"79C";"BAD PATH ERROR (NO DISK IN DISK DRIVE OR DESIRED FILE NOT FOUND.)"X=11000:X:::210Z a$="{,|,~,}; selects; back 1 level; G$:::320H: Error Routi,2));", ";"19";Р,2);" ";/П,2))=>13П,2))-12;џ,6);:1780$П,2))=0"12";џ,6);:ٟ;$П,2))=>12" PM-":" AM-" 1830WW=1530 =26:=21 1600 &:WW=1:0 :SEG=1;".D1/S EG.F" SEG=1".M$="FEBRUARY":1750rM$="MARCH":1750|M$="APRIL":1750M$="MAY":1750M$="JUNE":1750M$="JULY":1750M$="AUGUST":1750M$="SEPTEMBER":1750M$="OCTOBER":1750M$="NOVEMBER":1750M$="DECEMBER":1750826);"-";M$;" ";Ѡ With Terminus one must configure the default settings for the protocol that one is using. I found in order to read the text as I was sending it over the screen, I had to turn ECHO OFF. With it OFF, it was actually ON at my end. With a "Smart-modem", thi directions to persuade me I had somehow made a bad choice. The fact is, I have used it continuously and profitably in my business from the day I first turned it on. Every hour I've spent in learning to operate it, in learning to use applications softwar REPRINTED FROM THE MAY 1985 ATUNC NEWSLETTER BY Wayne A. Schotten APPLE THREE FOREVER I will soon have had my Apple /// one year, my first computer. It's been fun and it's been frustrating, both expected, but I didn't expect the efforts from variouseces the screen video does not come back on automatically. You must hit control 5 again. With everything else I have tried it is not necessary to manually turn the screen on again. ou can do the following. Hold down CONTROL and hit 5 on the numeric keypad, this turns off the screen until the operation is done. After the operation is done the video output resumes. This usually speeds up the operation 20 to 30 percent. With 3 EZ Pi KNOWN FACTS ABOUT THE A///**** To SPEED up calculations, ie Visicalc or sorts ie large 3EZP or large text insertions or movement using WJ or spelling Checker operations using Lexicheck, repetitive program calculations (ie "nested" loops using Basic) y "Soft" carriage returns were to be stripped out using a short basic utility. If you find yourself in this position of needing the utility, give me a call or leave me a message on Draco and I tell you how to get the Basic utility to do this. ****LITTLE LF ON. With LF ON it will put "hard" carriage returns on the end of every line. For indexes or pages with alot of formating, you may want to leave the LF ON, but for normal text, LF OFF probably is better. My experience was with an IBM using Wordstar. file with an Asterisk (to a new file name), Load new file with Asterick, Save without the Asterisk. The file is now ready for transmission. This procedure "strips" most of the control characters from the file. The transmission can be done with LF OFF orith its Ram disk feature should support 1200 baud very nicely. **** A/// to IBM PC **** I sent information to an IBM PC at 1200 baud with Terminus. My procedure was as follows. First to Strip the Word Juggler Control Characters Load the file, Save thee something faster than the Apple /// drive. A Profile works well and I do not know about the A143. If someone has experience with this drive and knows that it can record at 1200 baud, please write a short note and we can pass it along. The Titan card wr writing itself. It is saved to the disk fine, but I prefer to be able to see the text scroll by. At 300 baud, one can read most of it; however, at 1200 baud you mainly just see the form. A slight digression, in order to record at 1200 baud one must havs may make the commands echo twice that you send to the modem, but it stops you from typing in the dark. For the receiver to be able to see the text scroll on the screen as it comes in, you must turn the LF (line feed) ON. Without this the text keeps ovee, and in learning to write my own programs has been returned to me many, many times over. Switching to any other machine seems surely a retrogressive move. The /// is a serious, no nonsense computer system, a powerful tool for building mental muscle. ThREPRINTED FROM THE OCTOBER 1984 ATUNC NEWSLETTER ADVANCED VISICALC with Francis Upton, Sr. GENERAL INFORMATION The term "RETURN" and "ENTER" mean the same thing. The term "ARROW" means one of the four arrow keys. The term "[x]" means the characters . 6) 86816 (?) chip upgrade? Let us rally behind our own Apple /// Forever project. Let's put our creativity and industry to work. I'd like to hear some ideas besides my own. er operating systems such as those already produced by the International Apple Core. 6) Keep up to date with compilers for other languages including ADA, C, FORTH, LISP et cetera. It seems that this should be possible in the Pascal/Assembler environmentto analog converter. What about the console driver? Where's red? 3) I'd like to see a RAM disc to work in the Disk /// chain, i.e. a solid state .d3 and .d4. 4) Mac/Lisa communication as with the ][. 5) Conversion programs to access discs from otharning to do the assembly language work so we can write device drivers and so forth. I'm willing to try it some day, but I've got to learn a lot first. For example, I'd like to see a better audio driver so we can take fuller advantage of the ///'s digital ///: 1) There must be other tinkerers besides myself. Some things we can develop for ourselves; e.g. audio driven external device controllers, or light pens and graphic tablets, etc. using the nearly forgotten game paddle ports. 2) Some of us leld actively develop our own software. I've been enjoying success in writing and using my own programs. I've also been converting some Apple ][ programs and intend to build a library of public domain software. I'm more than willing to share. COMPLETING THEurage by communication and purchases such peripheral manufacturers such as On ///, Micro Sci, and so on. 3) Buy Apple stock. Even one share gets you into the stockholders' meetings. What a noise we could make en masse! 4) Those of us so inclined shounuals. SUPPORTING THE ///: 1) Maintain good contact with Apple, after all we are business users and still potential customers. I have heard reports that Apple recently opened a manufacturing line and built a large number of ///'s on request. 2) Encoand outside vendors. 2) Gather and preserve spare parts, even defective equipment may someday prove valuable if repaired. 3) Identify and garner cooperation from those who know the inner workings of the ///. 4) Copy and safeguard both floppies and maswered by keeping the /// as an essential working part of that network. If Apple won't do it, then perhaps someone like On /// will. PRESERVING THE ///: 1) Gather and preserve whatever documentation can be had for hardware and software from both Apple fit from our equipment. Perhaps most important of all, why shouldn't the /// be included in the office network that Apple is developing around the Mac. All the objections that traditional computer users present to having the Mac in the office could be ansappear. No way, Jose. I propose that those of us who know, own and love our ///'s should, as in the anonymous quote, take the bull by the tail and look reality in the face. I think we're going to have to see to it ourselves, that we derive the full benee potential for the /// has barely been tapped, and may be the perfect choice for someone who wants to be creative with computing. Apple ][ people benefit from the Apple ][ Forever program, but we have gotten a lot of messages that the /// should just diin the brackets are "CONTROL" this is done by holding the control key and pressing the letter key at the same time. THE SCREEN \Top row - of screen\ Current location (cell) e.g. A1. If a value or label is in cell (V)alue or (L)abel Displays ts a tab stop. Cursor moves to next cell that has been assigned tab stop when you press tab. Shift-tab moves the cursor back to the next tab. N removes tab stop D defaults to global setting L LABEL How you can format you label entries REPRINTED FROM NOVEMBER 84 EDITION OF ATUNC NEWSLETTER MORE ADVANCED VISICALC CONTINUED\ From Francis Upton T TAB Specifies what cell the cursor will move to next, when you press 'TAB', [B], or 'shift tab'. You can use this for data entry. Y sel contents from being altered. U Un-protect cell A Allows labels and values in cell (All) L Allows only labels in cell. V Allows only values in cell. # Allows only numbers in cell. D Defaults to global setting. lay cell contents D defaults to global setting. M Modify Controls wheter or not data can be entered in a cell and what kind of data can be entered (labels, values, or numbers). P Protect celn the cells. Y display all formulas in cells where they were entered. N don't display formulas. Normal display. D defaults to global setting. H Hide Makes contents of cell invisible Y makes cell contents invisible. N dispse the arrow key to point (move the cursor) to the cell that you want to include in your formula. \COMMAMDS\ / Command: ABCDEFGIKMPRSTVW - Advanced VisiCalc BCDEFGIMPRSTVW VisiCalc /A = Attribute E Expression Displays formulas iTO\ command is another way to move to a location on the sheet. > GO TO: (coordinate) type "shift >" and type cell you want to go to then (return). The cursor fills one cell. A cell is referred to by its location: eg A1 or B12. You can ua "space" type " To start with a number type " " = labels the " is used to start a "label" with a number or a operand (+,-,.,@,#,%,*,(,),/,=). \Moving around the Worksheet\ To move from one location to another use the arrow keys. \GO 63 columns (letters) wide (BK) \Value\ or \Formula\ The system will come up ready to have values or labels entered. If you type a number then letters the system will beep at you. \Label\ To start with a letter just type it in. To start with (cell) A1. The white rectangle is the "cursor". This is the place where you can enter information on the sheet. What you are typing into the cell also used when doing (edit). Spread sheet layout: 254 rows (numbers) a command. Memory indicator tells the amount of memory available in thousands of characters. \Third row - of screen\ Edit Line --------------------- All the way across The \cursor\ is the intersection of column A and row 1 is location what is in that cell. Recalculation is taking place (!). Recalculation order "R" row or "C" column. \Second row - of screen\ Prompt line ------------------- memory indicator. Prompt line tells you what to do next when you are working with < left justifies the label between the gutters > right justifies the label between the gutters L Left gutter. Sets the number of space for the left gutter (/AL2L, for example. If no number is used sets gutter to 0. R Same as for left.row Move right one character (Escape) Deletes the character to the left of the cursor /F = FORMAT Provides a particular display format for the entry at the cursor location. D Default Defaults to the last format set with /G (Global) Glet you know that you are in edit mode. The only way out is (return) to complete the command or [C] to cancel the command. Up Arrow Go to last character on line Down Arrow Go to first character on line Right Arrow Move left one character Left ArE]) Lets you change the contents of a cell without typing the entire contents of the cell. You can insert and delete characters anywhere in the entry. (This works very well on setting up your formulas). [Edit] will be displayed on the prompt line to pe [C]. Range After typing /D, move the cursor to the last row/column you want to delete. The program will delete all the rows/columns you have called for, after you answered "Y". When you use delete \all\ will be gone so be careful! /E = EDIT or ([l be deleted. "R" Row Deletes row or range of rows "C" Column Deletes column or range of columns You will be asked "Y to confirm" If you are sure of the results of your command then "Y". If you are not sure and you want to get out of the command tys going on type [C] or anything else to get out of the command. A All includes all the commands in memory S Sheet clears only the sheet, leaves all commands in memory. /D = DELETE The row or column the cursor is \on\ is the row or column that wiln' or 'arrow'. /C = Clear \Completely\ clear the \entire\ sheet. Everything on the sheet will go to magnetic heaven - be careful. This command will ask you Type Y to confirm If you know what is going to happen type Y. If you don't understand what ig changes as you type them. Type ! to turn off immediate mode. D Default Causes the cell to be displayed according to the current global settings. /B = Blank Blanks the contents of the cell the cursor is on only. Can be completed with 'returhe decimal. eg /AV2F 1.00. I Displays values in integer form. S Displays values in scientific notation. * Displays values in graph format; same as /f* D Default as set by /gav. ! Immediate mode. Allows you to view attribute settings. % Values are multiplied by 100 and displayed with percent sign (%). 0.5 will display 50% and 1 as 100%. G General same as the initial program default for value displays. F Fixed format. Specifies the number of digits to the right of t(DR); negative numbers displayed with (CR). , Commas in numbers with more than 3 intergers, as in 1,000. . Displays a decimal point in all values. Z suppresses trailing zeros after the decimal point in cells with /AVF or /AVS settin -. No sign is associated with zero. - Negative values are preceded by -. No signs are associated with 0 or positive values. ( Parenthesis. Negative values are enclosed in parenthises. C Positive numbers displayed with debit symbol > Right justifies the value between the gutters. L Left gutter. Set the number of spaces for the left gutter (/AV2L, for example). If no number is used sets gutter to 1. R Same as for left. + Positive values are preceded by +; negative by F Fills the space between the gutters with the label repeated. C Centers the label between the gutters. D Defaults to global setting. V VALUE How you can format your value entries < Left justifies the value between the gutters. General This is how VisiCalc comes up on the screen first time. I Interger Rounds all values to the nearest whole number. Values are stored with full precision in memory and full precision values are used in all calculations. NOTE: See @ round and @ int commands. L Left Aligns label with the left edge of the cell. Aligns values with second space of the left side of the cell. R Right Aligns label with the right edge of the cell. Aligns values with the right side of cell. $ ave found to LIST a file. OPEN#1, .printer (no quotes required in direct mode) OUTPUT#1 LIST CLOSE (this closes all open files, CLOSE#1 would close only file #1) Within a program, the following will cause output to go to a printer oREPRINTED FROM JUNE 1985 ATUNC NEWSLETTER Vol 2 # 6 BUSINESS BASIC One of my early frustrations with BB was that I spent a long time looking for the instructions on how to send a file to the printer. The following is the simplest method that I hreturn) type the TO range and (return). You can specify your move two ways: by pointing with the cursor, or by typing an integer and R or C. C Column Start by haveing your cursor on the row that you want to move. Type /M prompt line will read Move: From: R C or Range. Where you are at now is the start of the FROM press the . and type the cell number for the end of the from range ( TB Tab backward to last cell with tab set R Return B Escape (delete) C Control-C (break) P Pause and display messare : to continue K Chain current sequence to another sequence /M = MOVE R Row E Edit sequence (Return) sequence scroll Characters Caret ( ) U Up Arrow D Down Arrow < Left Arrow > Right Arrow ? Help TF Tab forward to next cell with tab set sor. After typing /I move the cursor to the last row/column you want to insert the program will insert all the rows/columns you have called for. /K = KEYSTROKE MEMORY COMMAND [K] = Sequence Name: A-Z C Delete all sequences: Y to confirm r ? Mark By typing [Q] you will insert a "?" in your text. /I = INSERT Will insert a new row/column at the cursor. "R" Row Inserts fow or range of rows above the cursor. "C" Column Inserts column or range of columns to the left of the curc recalculation or manual recalculation. Note: When set to manual use the "!" to force a recalculation. F Format: D G I L R $ * = Same as format commands. ? HELP Will bring up the help screen that applies to what command you are at. [Q] fo C Column Width (/GC) sets the column width. Default column width is 9. C changes the width of the column the cursor is on. O Reeval Order R C (/GO) sets how the worksheet will be recalculated, by ROW or COLUMN. R Recalc: A M (/GR) Automaticommand (repeating label). /G = GLOBAL Take an action that affects the entire window that the cursor is in. With window at 1 the entire sheet is affected. With window at 'H' or 'V' just the window that the cursor is in will be changed. A Attribute One less than the width of the cell = Define You can define a series of commands for the format and store them under a letter or (!,@,#,$,^,*,(),",') using the attributes. - Repeating You can repeat a label character across a cell. Same as/- Dollars Displays dollars and cents format. Value with two decimal places (.00) a $ is not displayed and command has no affect on labels. * Graph Displays the number of asterisks equal to the truncated (not rounded) interger value of the cell.r the screen. 10 OPEN#1, ".printer" 20 PRINT "This goes to the screen" 30 PRINT#1 "This goes to the printer" 40 CLOSE#1 50 END This assumes that your printer driver is called .printer. -Bill Stone (Believed to be author) r) If you sit down to an IBM PC running interpreted basic in a 'stringy' program, sooner or later you'll hit the Garbage Collection (hence GC); on this machine, and most Microsoft Basic machines this can really take some time - up to 2-5 minutes at matter) must go back through memory and free up the space used by the temporary strings. Since they are intermixed with permanent string values this is a somewhat involved process - usually referred to as GARBAGE COLLECTION. IBM vs APPLE /// gs in storage. In the process of working with temporary and permanent strings Basic just uses up more and more free memory. When storage fills up with these temporary and permanent string data Business Basic (and most interpreter basics for thf how basic stores string arrays... to whit : GARBAGE COLLECTION While processing simple string assignments like A$=A$+B$ or while evaluating INPUT values or a variety of other 'stringy' data, Business Basic must create a number of temporary strin works on low-memory pointers but the assign forces attempted creation of an illegal "Back Pointer" - see below. Explanation of this second error, and diagnostics to be applied if you must DIM a numeric array first, requires some understanding oX%(30000) 20 INPUT "A$ dim value : ";ADIM: rem try 1830 then 1950 30 DIM A$(ADIM) 40 PRINT "FREE MEMORY = ";FRE 45 A$(ADIM)="xxxxx" 50 GOTO 10 Note that the assignment of actual data in line 45 is necessary to trigger the error since the DIM only ) YOU SHOULD ALWAYS TRY TO DIMension STRING ARRAYS BEFORE ALL OTHERS. Depending entirely upon the specific dimensions of a numeric array DImmed prior to the string array, you may see the dreaded VARIABLE ERROR. Try this one : 10 CLEAR 15 DIM 21842) causes an OUT OF MEMORY ERROR. Similarly DIM A$(99,217) is ok (100*218 elements) but DIM A$(100,217) is not. Try this program on your machine... 10 CLEAR 20 INPUT "A$ dim value : ";ADIM 30 DIM A$(ADIM) 40 PRINT "FREE MEMORY = ";FRE 50 GOTO 10 (2 stores string data there is an absolute limitation of 21841 total elements of a string array. This limit applies at DIM time (e.g. before any actual string data is stored). Thus DIM A$(21841) on my machine leaves 111514 bytes free and DIM A$(--------------------------------- String Array Limitations - VARIABLE & OUT OF MEMORY ERRORS Known to apply to versions 1.0 and 1.1 and expected for 1.2 but possibly not the last off the assembly line 1.23 ?! (1) Because of the way Business Basic FEBRUARY 1985 EDITION OF ATUNC NEWSLETTER VOL 2 # 2 Undocumented Limitations of Apple /// Business Basic ------------------------------------------------------------ Part 1 Daryl Anderson D A DataSystems 12/09/84 --------------------------- I've seen. Many users try the old "toggle the on-off switch" trick and lose everything. (Break, cntl-c, etc don't work during GC because Basic is buried deep within its own internals at this point). On the Apple /// Business Basic a design decision appears to have been made to try to avoid this GC hangup. STRING DESCRIPTORS Strings in BusBas are implemented, to a point, in a manner similar to MS basics; the actual string contents are stored in high memory, filling down to a lower limit e way business basic stores strings there are some absolute limits to the total amount of string data which can be associated with a given program. The exact limits are very dependent upon specifics of the application. Surpassing the limits wversions 1.0 and 1.1 and expected for 1.2 but possibly not the last off the assembly line 1.23 ?! Have you ever gotten an OUT OF MEMORY ERROR, then done a PRINT FRE only to be told that you've got 108,427 bytes free ? If so read on. (1) Because of thart 2 Daryl Anderson D A DataSystems 12/20/84 ------------------------------------------------------------ Further String Array Limitations - OUT OF MEMORY ERRORS ------------------------------------------------------------ Known to apply to fset range (e.g. A$(1900) or A$(10000) here) that the error occurs since it is only then that the Interpreter tries to build a back pointer with an offset value greater than 64K. ----------------------------------------------------------- P3 = approximately 1840 additional slots. Note that the DIMming will not cause an error, since it only builds a long string of 3 byte descriptors. It is only when an attempt is made to allocate an actual string for an element outside the of" offset values from the base of 'start of array storage' which the Back Pointers must refer to. Dimensioning X%(30000) takes up 60000+ bytes at the front of array storage and A$(0) will be at offset 60015, thus leaving room for only (65535-60015)/ Adding 2 bytes in DIM AAA$(21841) is OK but CLEAR then DIM AAAA$(21841) bombs. ------------------------------------------------------------ Explanation of (2) above. DIMming other non-string arrays before string arrays has the same effect of "using up actual slots, for our A$() this is 7 bytes. Remembering that DIM(21841) gives 21842 elements we get 7 + 21842 * 3 = 65533, 2 bytes free and no room for another triplet. Interesting note is that part of that header info is the variable name.iptors, each another 3 bytes offset from that base, then eventually one of those slots will be more than 65535 bytes from the base. Checking 65536/3 = 21845. Well it turns out that each array has a bit or header info stored in low memory before the 65,536 bytes. Now we can see why (1) and (2) occur. ------------------------------------------------------------ Explanation of (1) above. If the very first array declared (DIMmed) is A$ containing a long list of three byte slots for future descr the beginning of array storage (for array strings) or simple variable storage (for non arrays). But since this value is contained in 2 bytes the maximum it can contain, and thus the maximum offset of the string descriptor from the base, is 64K ora which identifies the string type (e.g. temp, array) in one byte and the location of the FORWARD POINTER or STRING DESCRIPTOR in low memory in two bytes. The location of the string descriptor is described as an offset from a base value which is e actual string data (on byte) and a number indicating the location of the real string data in high memory (two bytes). BACK POINTERS To alleviate the GC hangups, BusBas also stores a 3 byte BACK POINTER up in high memory with the actual string datdefined by simple variables and arrays which are less dynamic. An entry for each string is stored in low variable memory which looks a lot like simple variable storage but is actually a 'descriptor' containing IN THREE BYTES the length of thill result in a VARIABLE ERROR. Background : Each simple string or element of a string array is associated with a 3 byte string 'descriptor' in low memory (details in Part 1). The significant portion of that descriptor is a 2 byte component which specifies the actual location of the string data itself - specifically it carries the offset of that data from the top of free memory. Since this is a 2 byte value it can only manage to legitimately describe a value of x'FFFF or 64K. Thus the greates nger variable names and larger number of dimensions. Try these... DIM A%(32763) ...ok ...CLEAR DIM AA%(32763) ...nope ...OUT OF MEMORY DIM A%(32763) ...ok 32764 total elements right DIM A%(3,8190) ...nope but still 32764 elements = (3+1)*(8190+1) in eight, the following approximate max DIMs apply: DIM int%(32750) DIM real(16375) DIM lint&(8175) These values are only approximate since the length info in the header included the length of the header itself which takes up more space for loader is necessary and quite useful since it allows the Basic interpreter's "find this array entry in memory" routine to quickly skip over the space occupied by a non-matching entry. Since integers store in two bytes, reals in four and long integersurs because the array header stores a 2 byte value containing the length of the space occupied by the array. As in the prior two notes, this 2 byte limitation works out to a64K cap on the number to be represented. This element of the array he as esoteric as the prior two notes in this series, I thought it might be useful to briefly document another undocumented limitation of Business Basic. SPECIFICALLY No single numeric array may occupy more than 64K (=65536) bytes of memory. This occ----- Part 3 Daryl Anderson D A DataSystems 12/20/84 ------------------------------------------------------------ Numeric array limitations - OUT OF MEMORY ERROR ------------------------------------------------------------ Although not at all her small ones are extremely space inefficient - total space required by any string, including descriptor is : {string_len + 6} bytes so 1000 single character strings take up 7000 bytes. -------------------------------------------------------this high memory area and thus the code that manages the error might itself hang, internally. Performance will degrade significantly as you approach this limit as garbage collection rate increases. NOTICE that single character strings and otBOMB out at about line 700. Since you've inevitably got other strings, including quoted literals, in the program, the 789 noted above is not reached. TRAPPING for this error is tricky since Basic's string temporaries themselves reside in example, you were writing a Word Processor in Basic and wanted to manage 1000 lines of max 80 characters in memory, about 20 pages. Figuring on a 256K machine the roughly 80K storage is available. Basic will calmly allow you to DIM LINES$(1000) then max 64K offset) used by each string is : {string_len + 3} bytes. SO... 65536/4 = 16384 single character strings max 65536/83 = 789 80 byte strings and various mixes in between. TYPICALLY you will run into this problem if, for ngle character strings. This is because, as mentioned in UNDOC1.BAS, each collection of string data in high-memory carries with it the useful but infamous 'back pointer' with 3 bytes of data. THUS the high-memory space (and thus the piece of that t offset of a piece of string data from top memory is 64K and the overall limit to string data total for a program is 64K (=65535 bytes). However : This does not mean you could store, for example, 512 strings of 128 bytes each or 65536 si RESET EMULATION WITHOUT REBOOTING Reprinted from ATUNC Newsletter August, 1985; Vol 2 # 8 The following is from Compuserve on how to modify your Emulation disks to allow you to Reset an Apple ][ program without rebooting the emulation disk. ThankON, EDITORIALS, ETC. FROM THE ATUNC NEWSLETTER, THE PUBLICATION OF THE APPLE THREE USERS OF NORTHERN CALIFORNIA. This "Best Of" disk is only one of a series of such disks developed for the WAP /// SIG (and other Apple /// Users Groups) to provide /// user WAP /// SIG PD LIBRARY PDS NAME: THE BEST OF THE ATUNC NEWSLETTER: Volumn 1 DISK # : 3INF.06 BOOTABLE? Side One October 1984 - August 1985 Compiled by David Ottalini WAP /// SIG THE CONTENTS OF THIS DISK INCLUDE SOME OF THE BEST ARTICLES, INFORMATIoot from BASIC. Happy RESETing!! Dale Warnke 75066,3675. ### ulletin Boards. (Note to WAP /// SIG members: I have this list and will make it available at the next SIG meeting - Dave Ottalini). The ATUNC boards are on Draco, Board #9, 415-474-8608, ed Trackmover from Softtalk as I didn't have DISKEDIT /// at the time. I've since tried this procedure and it works! When you want to interrupt a ][ program gone astray, press RESET, then press 6, Ctl-P, RETURN to reboot from the monitor; or PR#6 to rebX string: F5 03 62 FA 62 FA 40 FA 3. Change 4 bytes to get: F5 03 59 FF 59 FF 40 FA 4. Save this modification back to Emulation Disk Block $4A. Hint: If using DISKEDIT ///, look to lower right of HEX screen display. I us 4. Save this modification back to Emulation Disk Block $2D. IV. Applesoft Basic image. 1. Load Disk block $4A, Page 2 (Apple ][ Track 9, Sector A (and locate and change the same hex strings as above:) 2. Locate(see Hint) the HEindow ///) to do the following: III. Integer Basic image: 1. Load Disk block $2D, Page 1 (Apple ][ Track 5, Sector 5) 2. Locate(see Hint) the HEX string: F5 03 62 FA 62 FA 40 FA 3. Change 4 bytes to get: F5 03 59 FF 59 FF 40 FA exercise. There is no such thing as a small error here! II. Use the Apple ][ Integer basic, Trackmover program and instructions in Softalk, July, 1983, pp. 216, 222; or Use a disk block editor (or track sector editor) such as DISKEDIT /// (or DiskWf your Emulation disk and a Self Addressed Stamped Envelope to me. Dale Warnke, 187 Esplanade, Irvine, CA 92715. NMI RESET INSTRUCTIONS (for 48K or 64K Titan ///+//) I. Make an expendable copy of your Emulation for thisan excellant tutorial on the Emulation disk block layout). There is also a Pascal program procedure in v2, n1, On Three by Al Evans for modifying the emulation disks(I've not used it). I'll gladly add the NMI RESET at no charge provided you send a copy os to Dale Warnke. The procedure, track and location numbers are EXACTLY the SAME to add the NMI RESET on both the 64K TITAN and 48k Standard Emulation disk and are given in George Oetzel's procedure and utilities in "Hot Rod ///", SOFTALK, July, 1983. (s with a quick reference to a wide range of /// information. All "Best Of" disks may not necessarily follow the same format. For instance, this disk simply contains a number of articles by subject. For example, "A3 Notes" or "Bus(iness) Graphics. ThankR",220(204::"79A";""; 2D=1:F=1 <#4;a$ FD=D+1 P#5;a$ZD=60#5;12)dD=60D=1nF=F+1::d$;::Y=1100:Y x13402  CATCH PASCAL TEXT FILES 202 :F*=08:"78C";"SORRY BUT MENU.MAKER CAN'T R".D1/MENU.MAKER",220 d$="" A$="PRINTING "+B$(I),16,B)=01:=0::"80C";A$;:#3,B$(I),16,B)Z=1#3;b$:"78A";b$Z=Z+1:Z=18:1290 1260 #4,B$(I),16,B)#5,".PRINTER"+ž#4#5;12):::".D1/MENU.MAKE30C$="N"C$="n"1160;:=23:=0::"79C";"PRESS ANY KEY TO HALT LISTING": $1020.202 8::Z=1B::=23:=0::"79C";"WOULD YOU LIKE A PRINTED COPY?":1C$:C$<>"Y"C$<>"y"C$<>"N"C$<>"n"1170*C$="N"C$="n"79C";"PRESS ANY KEY TO HALT LISTING"::202 1020#2,B$(I),16,B)ž#242:::1160Z=1#2;A$:"78A";A$Z=Z+1:Z>1842:::Z=1980*:=23:=0::"79C";"CONTINUE...?":1C$:C$<>"Y"C$<>"y"C$<>"N"C$<>"n"10 MENU.MAKER TEXT MODULESEG=0"MENU.MAKER"890&*X=11000: TEXT SLOW-DOWN LOOP ,X.1,180,22:2,280,21:2,2380,23:z:A$="LISTING "+B$(I),16,B)$=01:=0::"80C";A$;::12)>=23:=0::"nformation to our PD library. ion to our PD library. ur PD library. gramYesG$:::".D1/MENU.MAKER",320d: PRINTER V. 1.0 ::=2::"PRINT.ALL v. 1.0":3=4:"Directory Name(s) or return to quit: ";n$N$)=0::"MENU.MAKER"430 X>0260I=11000:I:200: ,I=1X 14000 6#2,F$(I)@#3,".PRINTER" JDiskATUNC NewsletterDrob7December1219902-3 Floppy DiskYesCThe author takes us through the intracacies of the formatted floppy under SOS.Good Old Days 4ATUNC NewsletterPlum8January119915Computer History 4YesAFinal article (misnumbered/// HelpYes5New Users can get help with their Apple /// problems.Apple /// Supply SourcesATUNC NewsletterShaw7December1219906Apple /// SuppliesYes'Check out On Three and Sun Remarketing.7The First Seven Blocks on the Formatted SOS Floppy wsletterYeager7November1119901-5Word ProcessingYes9A review of Applewriter 2.0, 3EZ Pieces and Word Juggler.@Editor Shaw adds additional comments on his use of the programs.Help AvailableATUNC NewsletterSuttles7December1219901-2Apple ays 3ATUNC NewsletterPlum7November1119901+Computer History 03Yes?Another history lesson on old computers .. this time describing?experiences with GE in the mid 60s. 8080 micro from Intel; IBM mainframesApple ///'s 3 Word ProcessorsATUNC Neecting complexity where it isn't needed.""Y"C$<>"y"C$<>"N"C$<>"n"#1,D$::"Processing directory ";34);D$;34);", please wait."; ž#1880*#1;A$:A$)<48104A$,3,4)<>"TEXT"810>X=X+1:".";HE=15:F$=A$,16,15)RF$,E,1)=" "E=E-1:850\F$(X)=D$+"/"+F$,E)f810p:  Pausež#1740#1;A$:A$)<4710A$,3,4)="TEXT"X=X+1710 :X>YN=P::7);"There are no text files in the ";34);D$;34);" directory." ::I=P::7);"Unable to locate and open ";34);D$;34);" directory." ::IT$=N$,E,1):T$=" "T$=","610XE=E+1:E>N$)610:590bD$=N$,S,E-S)l:v:E>S+1600:D$="": œ770P=3:"Looking for ";34);D$;34);" directory." #1,D$=P3:"Reading from ";34);D$;34);" directory." I>X200300S=1:D=1:B=1570D$=""500 Y=X:S=ED$(D)=D$:640 X=Y440D=D+1:S=E:440D=D-1:X=0F$(X):X=0 J=1D D$=D$(J)790&J0 :œ6303DE=S+1:N$,S,1)=" "N$,S,1)=","S=S+1:580%Nž#2390 ^1000c: h#2;a$ma$rY=1150:Y0wB=B+1: Count the number of lines printed xB=15B=30355yB=60#3;12)zB=60B=1 {#3;a$|360B<=20#3;13)::410#3;12):Z=11000:ZI I=3). In this article, DEC.PDP8/S and how:assembly language programs were entered into the computer.Pal3.The First 7 BlocksATUNC NewsletterDrob8January119912-3SOS DiskYesDDrob's second article on the first 7 blocks of a SOS formatted disk.GDiscusses here Directory Name Entry; Other Entries; and File Structure.Text Selection Made EasyATUNC Newsletter Lomartire8January119913-5Text SelectionYes?The author describes a process to select long sequences of text@using WPL (Word Processing ewsletter.The Repair WorksATUNC NewsletterLinders8August819911-2 Repairs 04Yes;Discusses his latest attempts to repair Apple //s and ///s. The MegaflexATUNC Newsletter C.R. Sims8 September919911-4Megaflex Floppy Drive SystemYesThe newsletter got held up a bit due to illness of tUNC Newsletter Lomartire8May519911-3 Lost FilesYesDDeleting files in error and how to deal with the problem. Using DiskCWindow (PD Disk) to help. Good tutorial on what to look for in the-directories of the disk using a block editor.The Bug thatYes6Linders continues discussion of problems with repairs.Last Month MeetingATUNC NewsletterLinders8April419911SCSI Hard DiskYesABruce Leisz demonstrates his Quantum HD. "All hands agreed it wasa real hummer."The Case of the Lost FileATm 80 MB hard drive from an Apple ///.Fun From Ed Suttles ATUNC JournalSuttles8April419912 New Users 02YesASuttles offers a bouncing ball program for use in emulation mode. Repair WorksATUNC NewsletterLinders8April419911-2 Repairs 02s 01Yes=Linders describes trials and tribulations of trying to repairsome Apple /// hardware. What's GNUATUNC NewsletterLinders8March319911-2SCSI Hard DriveYesBAuthor says member Bruce Leisz has purchased cable and software to3run his Quantu calling aBulletin Board System.Kudos/The EditorATUNC NewsletterLinders8March319911 New EditorYesFATUNC Journal's new editor introduces himself and praises the outgoingeditor. Repair WorksATUNC NewsletterLinders8March319912 RepairnerATUNC NewsletterSuttles8February219912-3 New Users 01Yes Emulation Mode on the Apple ///.Your First Modem and BBSATUNC NewsletterWheeler8February219913-5TelecommunicationsYesAA basic how-to for those considering buying a modem andd State of the Art accounting. I Am QuittingATUNC NewsletterBach8February219916-7 Moving OnYesGThe author describes why he has decided to move on to another computer.?Offers some good tips on keeping a computer operating properly.q Nuer's CorLanguage) in Applewriter (mainly from8CompuServe) and then save the abridged material to disk.Why I like the Apple ///ATUNC NewsletterReider8February219911-2 Apple ///YesEThe author describes why his Sara is the best. Likes Desktop Manager anor describes his trials and tribulations trying to get a*Megaflex floppy disk drive up and running. Scroll Me BabyATUNC NewsletterDrob8October1019912-3 Basic ProgramYesBDrob has modified a program originally published in On Three, thatGwill allow the Basic user to scroll through the catalog of disks in any.drive. It can handle sub-directories as well.3From the Computer of C.R.S.: Good News for Old DataATUNC NewsletterLinders8October1019911-2 Data TransferYes@Tom Linders offers his swsletterLinders8December1219912-3 Word JugglerYesBReprint from ATUNC Newsletter of November, 1984 about Word Juggler2and some of version 2.6.3's most important points.//s, sometimes with luck,sometimes without. Sun ShineATUNC NewsletterLinders8December1219916Sun RemarketingYes@Sun Remarketing is continuing to support the Apple /// and otherApple // family computers.From the Past: Word JugglerATUNC Nenkins is recovering from surgery and has kindly consented toGwrite an article detailing how to convert PFS:File files to 3EZ Pieces.The Repair WorksATUNC NewsletterLinders8December1219912 Repairs 12YesBTom continues his quest to repair Apple /lems.PFS:File to 3EZPATUNC NewsletterJenkins8December1219911-2File ConversionYesARev. Jenkins details how he has gone about converting from PFS to 3EZ Pieces.News of ATUNCERSATUNC NewsletterLinders8December1219911NewsYesCRev. Jeecember1219912ATUNCYes@Linders says he's gotten only one response to his question about4the future of the club... and would like more input.qBulletin BoardATUNC NewsletterLinders8December1219913BBSYes)The ATUNC BBS continues to have prob ///s.More Advanced Visicalc (Cont)ATUNC NewsletterUpton8December1219913-5Advanced VisicalcYesEFrancis Upton details the various commands used in Advanced Visicalc.-Q-Should We Go On? A-Who Knows? and Who CaresATUNC NewsletterLinders8Dders8November1119912 PurchasesYes@Tom found an Imagewriter I for $10.00. Finally purchases a Mac.The Repair WorksATUNC NewsletterLinders8November1119911-2 Repairs 06YesHTom discusses his latest successes and failures at repairing Appleved on.The Past : Vol 1 #1ATUNC NewsletterLinders8November1119912-3 ATUNC PastYesBReprint from first issue of ATUNC Newsletter of article by Francis2Upton Sr. about Advanced Visicalc (October, 1984).My Latest PurchasesATUNC NewsletterLining ///s'and other equipment back from the dead.Should We Go On?ATUNC NewsletterLinders8November1119911ATUNCYes>Editor askes whether ATUNC should continue as one club or two.@Membership is at 34 at this point and many of the oldtimers have mouggestions for transfering data from theB// or /// to the Macintosh. Tom offers to convert files for those interested. Repair WorksATUNC NewsletterLinders8October1019913-4 Repairs 05YesATom updates us on his successes - and failures - at bring