LBSOS KRNLI/O ERRORFILE 'SOS.KERNEL' NOT FOUNDINVALID KERNEL FILExةw,@  4  J  ȱ⩤i8#) ) 8Le /// /// /// /// /// /// /// /// /// /// /// /// /// /// /// /// SIG, Washington Apple Pi 12022 Parklawn Drive Rockville, MD. 20852 (301)-984-0300%SEG.T j+Ÿ/ -READ.ME.FIRST+ l)PRINT.ALL +(FINDER.ROOTɋ plFINDER.DATAɌYpl |l-POHLMAN.BASICC-W"8"9*QUICK.NOTEl!**SANDER.INT'J&+&*SOS.DRIVER p4+Z*SOS.INTERP 4ke! *SOS.KERNEL @,V!aIII.INF.14.117Au' DISKNAME.DAT!(FLASHNAME.DATJ&7HELLO ~4/ *HELLO.TEXT~+l-HERTZFELD.INT; &&*MENU.MAKER m#im#iЛ#Lȱ  6L憦  Lsmm l y` @8(Je稽 ʈ WELCOME! WAP /// SIG Public Domain Library Disk Category/Number: Information/3INF.14 Disk Format: Self-booting Basic The WAP /// SIG proudly prese CONV&CONV$CONV%LEFT$RIGHT$MID$INSTR>=<^/*-+NEXT WITHOUT FOSYNTARETURN WITHOUT GOSUOUT OF DATILLEGAL QUANTITOVERFLOOUT OF MEMORUNDEF'D STATEMENBAD SUBSCRIPRANGINVOKSTACK OVERFLOREDIM'D ARRADIVISION BY ZERILLEGAL DIRECTYPE MISMATNDEELSCONLISCLEAGENETABTSPCUSINTHEAMOSTEANOEXTENSIODIAFNOAAAAAAAAAAAAAASGNINTABSATYPRECAAAAAAAAAAPDLBUTTONSQRRNDLOGEXPCOSSINTANATNAAAAAAAAAAAASTR$HEX$CHR$LENVALASCTENAACONVOERRLIERKBEOTIMEDATEPREFIXEXFNEXFN%OUTREINDENAAAAAAAPOHOMA SUB$OFTRACNOTRACNORMAINVERSSCALERESUMALEGOTIRESTORSWAGOSURETURRESTOOALOASAVDELETRURENAMLOCUNLOCCREATEXECHAIAAACATALOAADATIMAGCADEAPRIssssssssss\3!z~IssssssssssssIG%ӓ,ssևwn7}|tttUUZ{fzxxˆU膅[L<^ENFONEXINPUOUTPUDIREAWRITOPECLOSATEXABYAAAAAWINDOINVOKPERFORAAFRHPOVP̠Ώ h:gpOn[n٧s]ds3issssssss0b>&dsjs|T}|s[  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>ŭ᭭򭭪𭭠򠭠頭퀠Šӳ頠𠠀𠠠堠젭ӠΠSOS NTRPRHeLZĠР쁭堠堠ՠP򠭠έ魭HER SUBROUTINEnSLOW=110xFLASH/2=FLASH/2):۴ =11:=07 FLASH$ SLOW FLASH:".d1/Menu.Maker"5 WAP /// SIG HELLO PROGRAM. UPDATED 4/12/89 DGO :#1,".D1/hello.text" ž#170 (#1;ERIN$ 2ERIN$<40F#1/P=23:=25:"PRESS ANY KEY TO CONTINUE.":G$U-Z#2,".D1/FLASHNAME.DAT":#2;FLASH$:#2%dFLASH=110: FLAS Pohlman, Don Williams, Ed Gooding and others. This disk also includes additional interviews with Dr. Wendell Sander and Andy Hertzfeld, discussing the Apple ///. We hope you enjoy this disk and encourage your submission of programs or other infnts this disk in honor of the Phase /// Conference, held October, 1987 in Wheaton, Illinois. A number of sessions dealt with the Apple /// and we are providing on this disk the transcriptions of some of them. Included are sessions from TaylorCSTRING TOO LONFORMULA TOO COMPLECAN'T CONTINUUNDEF'D FUNCTIOVARIABLSOS CALFILES BUSNOT SOI/FILE TOO LARGWRITE PROTECDISK SWITCHEBAD PATFILE NOT FOUNPATH NOT FOUNVOLUME NOT FOUNDUPLICATE FILDISK FULFILE LOCKEFILE NOT OPEDEVICE DISCONNECTERESOURCE UNAVAILABLDIRECTORY FULDUPLICATE VOLUM ERROR Please Press SPACE BAR IN PROGRAM INTERRUPTED%&'(%+.@C$DE FG!H"I'MN#PQRTW(X潭`: 808`:dd@՚H Z#IJJ iLOPP$pX0S&ȱhȱKȱLe潥ɂ逅$L# $mKL x~ m khLgLsLc h5逢)&a TH THLgL6k8:9: STT`)ɀLK$Lb8gLOPPKLMNhhm Vf0 mLf) mWA 0 -a mL8fW;8<< 悕` 6kLU*i kXX 4XLy \\'_ch_chbi^g \ihh ] Qp aj ih `p b iq bqn %jjg56Ly { b bq | XHWHHHֺh$PLh wlȱȱ%$LWH mh x~  m#W", mȱ28eLeji`Lwl mȱ"Ɂɂ ȱ :, iTjj ȱiVjj8逪XW0 Vf0WHW$ 0X: h ,@dd )e dʙdH &eh(dL ddک,ddLd:e``eLeHELLO ue 5eLse6e:7ee8ee:e`EAd j @a(% -, bLs j {ghhL<^gHhHhH , - b j$% @ag5h6h6hhhhh8g5h6h 悅`6 "]La ud `L  d.CONSOLE[[ TdSdddddd0 ddddd`dd A 6 s e 9c()' 9cKHLI jLdj89弅:彬: 悅`H hɝɞɜ)`dd  6芅 e ()'` e'()HKIL 9cL>hL<^) i!Ls j @aLK$L% :: 悅 lc!)` +b` +b` sL :b#`L,H s h ऊL(,L8f` A KL jLdjOPPKLL h AKL` Ѽ   (`H shLs Aji!S)Lt`SSS`L` z :0.`9::hhgg.%g& $gegަhH逪hhʰ` ҥ [ aLT ҥIJJABB=>>;<<?@@T ě hhhHH  `89$ 0~!L`!sm?iٰcL`S )!a{)Qi ڐ߽S) -ai) -aɢ ɣɍж$HS -ahʥ0SSȩ5%"/װ&hԐɈf0ɔĐ 8,f 8f L_ʅSS=ȄL`ȱi8eiidHddhd) _ ƢLh _L>h jhP _S @a-Qggeg5hih 6i6 "]S" ]$%SSSg a aL^ S S`La8 SiUjjS):,$f 0$ p fHhH_HcH uhch_hhhfhi0hhhB B A` ֥'( )&񦕤LNKM$Lb ě $m wl "m6X6+5 56ɀ56H $mhɀ(Z)& mL k~ wlL ͝dL Nsd# wl^_ ꂅ__hg^`8 悕`gHhHhH5?6@6@*5g5666gҦhhhhhhhhg:e:;e; ;m;`@c@c?be^@e@ _m__^ \Lx] i6g55``BY BSAMHH H] LPL(\)&P ěj9ȑ9ȑ99i=:i: >i>`Ɂ7XWWXjnXWi` ]?@@bgchch )^ ]b ]b^b^L\b8g+H__^8_ABB 9::)ѭ [ I[ aυ婶ZeLLL^$%Lae LGidFddddddd.ddddddddd ɕdˏd`Ls  Apple Business BASIC v1.23 - Copyright Apple Computer, 1980-83 d wlOZL^L^-L(dPL<^OPMNKLhhLg` Ls ҥ?ieCiLa,  aFL s a iLg ]hhh5h689H: H:HLHKHH6H5HHH` ui` pi` Qp j pi `p i` j jK$L%8eȢ 9:: Ga.ghh 悅` A` \\ɾ,L<^hhZkKhLhhhe9e:: mLg jei `Ls j:,"hhhhLgɜEɝDɞLb Hɾɺдmhɾ Qp aj pi `p j` jLi j,656 wh H5Gh`lmm566 Lx5Hȱ5ȱ5 F665 w56h(` x("LH)&h`( '&'`lmm566LxĠLx znInEz{iLx y? zL||uu`8i$iznIii0ĨV y${Wiuu8Iem_B_B`)&N> ȱI8gJJ hhge ghh f feLH>H= x\L|F )XHABB8 __^hHI8e^ @1 @+?%GHHHIJJih BABGHh`$  ě u Дs IJJ^__Lveȱeȱe `LćHƽ Ƽh`$ lȱlLL{ɝɍLɎСL s HI s shmHmHlHHɦ# shmHmHlHH , hHLt  ,, shTTLui ui,L3$0 |Lu xijk6kxyy xxy6i L[ s r$PLsi,L3-hLs L*tɘcɭ_ TTLdd`jk8L|L3L3TL3,L3i LL r$PLLBLsș Ȅ ( qƚƚ` s s),;,=,#,(,,ѼLL<^L<^ llmm$P$?TUJ)TU  ' Lsi imLqLsh E0`H ty ))ELyq  8 $0!PizEn{dUeUi hLqLs `wLr !L2 {}$ 0`QɀX zLs.+"2mXm tL qXXW zzEn{i x }H$ ]kh8 )KLe9e:: }Lgi , p s$8$0p`PL<^Յ H s r ɀ ȱX Hih0 & ?<I?iE W Lq s )L<^ȱQȱȅR dj sLHoUVV$ LhU Lp$ LL<^opL^```?EXTRA IGNORED?REENTER $0pL,`LgXW ׫ k*iXX 4X \\L<^Xii7 { n k$ |WlXVVE$ P% eT{||Hd ̐h p IkLo00$0 L>o "m nV dj$D$ P 膼Lo$0",i [ kLoHSHhp< {}$ p0H 07h ]k ,LmUVV `p F sLn 2 ukLoF вLm jȪЖ LL<^~p l nhhLgOPP` Add# 6d s S SS@Ln A " r ,; s lLn#f  ;П ⭩,SLn "mʆ,S _S% nLh "mL_T ST#L(, U VV ׫$ 0  QpU= d hkddhe##5ddˏdd?Ll ,?#$04dHHd = d hkddˡddhhd`LsL#&F  ; s b 0` L+l$ Nsd#Lzm566ȱ5Ll H# wl m#͉LchL$m QRKLLsh$0LU$^`=8WW>X> 悅XXXL:^ g`L<^ l Jj bx bp,_;Ll  ~q$0P oՅ5R66R l ~ L%l $m0 =k $m#`$L#i)8#Ll  s s( L7bʊ# L-l m hxd5d$0H h`L^bLb$%/%5$ &5 &5e$$5e%%$&%$e$% Lk ׫ sHH ~qLPkHHh$0'ph | ZlWȥmW`L$|hXWXL-hm lmmLkl VYZZ{|| w ᐥlmmYZZ LxWXX ox ExYW# kXX 4=^W^0A,lkj |yjJkjlkmlmi in`emeymlexlkewkjevjLkyi&m&l&k&j8iIiii9fjfkflfmf`nIngjIjgIm lkj`L<^}i0vvvvvj`Ly^Vy dv88; 54541r |LiHi z xz U{y xy рz xh '~z zLz z~ zm zl zk zj zL{LyJ eyexew~ev~f~ffffJ`5665y5x5w5zEn{z t $mlmkljkij8ihn`L,$0DpA q enHi80 @Lyu \ % @u ćh `&m&l&k&j`2L0 և yxLT}$0pLI oբRLi `u LLi u Lui0 ܆ چ,,% п 擩lm0u 1eL5665`iɀ*iH i  @8 ei $ tutt tj ȡhn` t` 0RN0R 0R$n-RRR`i` p`5665i`$0BP?iH i hLbe55f5f6e}Lme6u5u }`6ʈ`v`jip` ? #  ue }~ %u $ چ 0 u}` L uu  ) }Li <i@L{i$i0 p $ 1`ui` LL Lbb `}i~ei^~0] e e^`}`566i5`_cf_cfi^eub` ?^qbep`L<^ ?8b^e` rp`I` ? ㄩp^|be #^b ebbu|beiee^^iL56^f" ऩ थ (! 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İG8`Fە1 ռ İ ЩP߭)@N8`1@8` Aڰ񈱴ۈ)ۅƭۅ X̰ 3ڰLÍLT̥L㼠  ʰ` İK ХP8` LɐH80)N  հ)@LO ˰)0 ̐` M ­۠泭ۑƳѲƱƳ X̰ Rڰä,] Xx,f (I0јIFjFjFji```x@gŽPy+wLwԠ͠ŠԹ.D1 .D2 .D3 .D`HJJJJh)y` (2ϩ 1ޠ== f ɰ`ޭ`5=(5= i Х(`=H hDC5 L3ܵ ɐ /ݐ 8`5 ˥JJJJ8 H h ` ܠ825H h5 ɐ /ݐ 8`Hh ܥ5 `ɥܥܥܥܥ5`܅܅܅܅܅5`( ݰ)Ѻ ݰL ݰ泱Ƴ ʰȭۮ ʰͩΪΩۦ eװqȭqLJ  ˰Aۅƭۅ X̰2%&N  ʰƭ X̐`Ӏ堁ӠҠՈ՘̠ƠŠӠ̠ɤӮȪŅ͠Ϊ ܆5 HȰ4 )ߍ) hjjjjۥ0CF = -$(L !LLL&L L-LJ٥eƦ ,L  # ` (L.L…ҥÅӭƅХDžѥL1LUȑ  i ߩLL )  札)  ҩLL` **éL0;` H ) abRcdTefVghXijSdfhj RR`^0U ` 0 ʠ0 8 `ůàՠԠàࠝӢӠ ȠDž̖͌͊頀ϐωŠŠӠҠȠγ`%!^0 ^)@`a R =` *^)ـooL]^)?i |TU QTU]qUoqTITsUsprRprqs]ToUXa` RL=Xa` R` *R`X`U T  *\AX[ @F\B9ɏ5\o*Ɂo)[[ @^`U V  *C?^0: ݳ ٢ ^)?i` *)@o `p^ XiH 1h `)X0 8~X 1`C X`)X0`C РǠ𠠐ŠŠӠҠȠƠŮƠҢâӠUAQY @?ZY 9ZYY^TU QZoȥɭ }`` ? }``  }`X0i 8~XX0H }h襯` ©Wéĭ }0W`F X0A */5BL. zF`LLz Lz`Y `Ơ堧 B k L( LO  %   }` ` ?!©UéĩU󥣍V }`` ?)) $p10LYeieLVȱ d0L`Hȱ hh` WɸSI I.ȩ8A 8ɸ4ɠ(H)h h8   `    i Ȣ d` $,)?P^ GL㢮 5L}P.)(Ơ L`ޠ LR  稱 I)0JJJJѤ  БĈ` H`)à`֩ нѽ>`]PU]]UPPX0 0 PPXPP  į󠠩ҙ̙ɠΠɊՐӠӢ̢ՠҠŠԠҚРĠ鱃ԠȠࠠLQ  * WHHH>%H H @`)h8`  HШБˆeЅА SYSTEM FAILURE = $hh8`hhhxآY_Z@tPRVT,p S JJJJ ) ʍL@ i0i6`îӉ͠堧ǥӥ``HhHy)(h`H` 0L?i `h` `` `x)( 8 `jjJJԥ)եӬɂ )Ӆ҅`  `H0Xh`Π'à̠ȈL` 8`څ  Lk%  Lk8Lu텚8嚅 L L Ld V ``  h` ک V `ۅץ  VLFx) ( :` H ) L  .P'pб0 &L:L5'8+8`0Fܢ` ř,Ř 0 8f)J DžŠƠŚ̮ÎȠ Ӡ̠Ӡ` LL#L/LL'Lgab `abBcd cdBrcadbho:ab.cݰdDcݰd8abҊ v+abcde0f`   cCȱcD C Ea  UV 1 ELUFVG FUUCVDեYCWZDXWXCUDV[ v`b0WXYZiUcȥVcWX eeYZ ggE` @SATRSOS DRVR"CUSTOM.3 )((8*,;((*,((+)((9/(p((>3  =9 :9 .(~|L|LNqooGoDDDcc0ccpc]]c"QM"|@@pAATT**|pple employee (a member of the original Mac team) who gave the Keynote Address at the Anniversary Dinner December 16th. Andy spoke very kindly about our ///, calling it an "Apple // with glands"! Below are some additional comments about SARA: When did Apple's Andy Hertzfeld on the Apple /// by David Ottalini WAP /// SIG Co-Chairman Conducted December 17th, 1988 During the WAP 10 Year Anniversary Celebration, I had a chance to conduct a very quick interview with Andy Hertzfeld, a long-time A numbers, this program will permit a screen text printout whenever a keyboard input is allowed. Use the KEYPAD NUMBERS for this command. You will see a letter at the upper right screen position indicating your selection. Except for programs which have redefined the use of the keypadkmen to your printer. Use Control-1 to request screen text printout. Control-2 will toggle from normal to condensed size print. (if you have an Apple DMP) A QUICK NOTE: Included with your SOS.Driver file is the Attach.Driver. An explanation of how to use it follows: The "ATTACH" Driver will let you send a copy of what you see on the scre  )* i LiHh`PQPQ>P Q,PQ"PɀQ@PAQ`8`nɀ<)nopoLpp` 0h8蘠fȊf` ab 1abo)abaݰb L9c`` a N0Ioa0H ha`pLopna n`  3ɠ/8 L %iLɠ8逨J Hh $`b >_-%^%p_^^_ab"08^c_L8^c_L8^c_L8^c_ȑcc\] ab^_ ``aV R0M bba dda `Q8STRQ ST`c\ȱc]a  b 5DU e\^e]_ ^_ ^_LH8\^]_?Je\^e]_,78\^]_ ^ݰ_ ^_LH^_ $bL@A^_aoQ*@A RQL@A `T8`RLSJTKQHIQiHiIKNJ)M8逅OPOPHMIN'a MHNILHOIPaOHPI8JHFKIGFGaHMINNMʆSTL8HSITQQSTGA7  3  5  >>< (&20 *, **>> "2*&" " >>  ">> "8""> """"""< oqrstuvwxyz{|}~ґȥӑ,10 h0  `,g0L  ҅ӥĥŰ+,0p 4 Ls  Ls i )"|tȌs|st HH` MjH,: <J h̰ <rh,oL`%CYgu9 Ln90$0%,7 ҥ L$0T,8OK50P;ҥ,8 L%\   8҅¥Ӆé҅L,5,6  & @jIH,5 p  He҅Ґhe…å逅h,23Lhʩd8,h)ec efeede`,5 H  h 4  `5!    4(P 4 4  `,g0L,10kH0 ԥ f0)ĭ9)9҅xh(ĥŐL i,1HȊ©L,52,9-P" a{) b) )ab)a a,h0& &+%a0 +hcefd(c,@cfabdf`cnx  (,4h`dd,9P"<:J H) +̰ H) +ʭcP h̰BTVSPLH   5"ʘ HH` (# (=  0`)aI88  >!SHOLES 1!1!2@23#3#4$4$5%5%6^67&7&8*8*9(9(0)0)-_-=+=+\|QWERTYUI OP[{]}`~`~ASDFGHJ K L ;:;:'"'"ZXCVBNM ,<,<.>.>/?/?d0hp00000>0# #0~$ <"<"""<< <"""<"><$""< """"  "" 6***""""""""""<""< :< $"""2,"""""**6"""""< >>>>> ""*:<"">""""""""""""">>><2"<""">""" ""  ">"6**"""""&*2""""""""""""*,"" "" ">""""""""""""""**6"""""""> >>>xr #1:CY` 9C<m><=m@=>@?AL8 >m<>@m=@<=L8 <m>?=m@AL8 C9L8 ; ;k`;);k`,@`<,m p<L<`<p<`,ms<L=q=L: ,lXL ==L: ,lCL <=L: <,n)LL8 L8 u:L8 ;)ߍ;j`; ;j`uBL8 uCL8 u)u;) u;L8    x) `(,  LuL-upp<`uqq=L: vuL L Lwww """"""""33333333DDDDDDDDUUUUUUUUffffffffwwwwwwww(C) 1980 Apple Computer (+@EIR[ty} NQ9Copyright (C) 1983 Apple Computer, Inc. Graphics Driver..GRAFIX b """"""""33333333DDDDDDDDUUUUUUUUffffffffwwwww     ! ( 0 7 I N S _  . G R Y f {    ! $ 4 9 F I P S V \ a h m p s x |     ' + < ? D G N U f k p x ?BEJMRUX]`h  2;AGMS[fot|              . 3 6 9 < ? B E H N S V \ _ b w  KORY\aelpu !$(+.147<?BFILORUX]`finsw| !%*/369<+;CNU\eh "*-036<BLORX_fj &+38;?DGLTot <?BGLQgjox',/25:BG̑ʈ0 Ցʭr̈A萠L: ֦ڱΑ0Б֤ h L  p,:0 JfiΥiώJe΅Хiю@ B $p̑бʑΈ0 Б̱ΑʈeمΐeمАA萿 :  `ʝ"`t  !#%')L: 8p,:Jf׮@$PA B $P@/A'ʤ˅΄ϥ̤ͅЄ B $̑бʑΈ0Ƞ h L: $)טɀIim>ٮ@8pذ `$0"8,:Jک@ׅפ؈۩MjL,:08*Ȅ B ,:J}΅н(I I $0;P̑бʑΈ,:JՐrx 0, )ߍ:) J)*PR,T,V( : `,k<,: JI`I`<,:J̰`=m@>,:J}ʅ̽(I I `<Mj,:0pJՐ̑ʈ`pJհ0`ՑʭrpȐ`=m@< B h A$g " x) (,`% (gL,}0, `gé ĩ `:) j:;jN;~j;O,:0'???>>8?>p<<AAA@@8A@q==C)CB)B C}0 x) `(`hh% ( ΍ ύ逅Ñ}`` " ( ĩ~Íĩϭ & &υΠÑΈ~ F ~ҰةeÅÐн},,P,`,g$ ( efh) `xÙ+(`xÙ&(`)4`)5`)6`)7`)8`)9`,i0!M:0p ȱq L `" (~)y ~JJ* I `x|x|,,}P-X~ F }~L } `,,i0L È`,g HH`LL! l      5  Hdcefh&+si  M0   h) `(" (  (È& 8  `)2ȱÍ3`)1`Ɂ" (cefd`Hc <Le Le ,g0L HH`! 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(`ɖ" (èÈ``,t0L4 HH`L  d!  `ɖ" ( dÈ  ``,t0L4 d0Cս30. , V  @„ȄL5p Q%Q̑`pPIE1pΦ#$01ʐ1`JJJJ)`%υߥ`1(ȦJJJ`&&*`JJ` **&*&ߥ`J` ***`` ` Jjjߊ` ߊ`JfJfFߪ߆` `JfJfJfF`ߩ`$011̰JJJ LP \LD$7߭$PH8 nߩ nh ߍϭ - k, ϥ- kϱϮEϑʩ`P z  HH` k(h`$0#$E$0p Q%Qʑ`pPIE1p$E$0(L%τ`ϩE҅0Ȅ(fL% ('Άѽн`8Hٰ hIiHمh8Iif٤Φݰ>Jj8ۅe݅eޅ $  m`!J8݅ eۅ$  m` , V $צ!ϤҐ мφi`Jf`<,&ʰ,i8i#Hiihifʦʆi) v`i,ʐi,iPIIʥ)ifʦʆ̐pLj/Fϐ&Ȅ`'@τ`Fϐ@ E҅F8ئȢΆѽϽ`/epɀjff&ݥeepɀjffݠ %)  %)`%  0.)      0  ` ` @ ``8٨JJJ ) u˘ vͽʅ̆`8Hi #i,$0F y բӅLx  mӥmԐL] h `  )`%)8`)    H   ʥ)Ģ    H Ģ L E% %) L 8`ۅ&ۥe륅eٍeڍ808٥8٥ 8مڅ H , V Εm٭mڭ))njnjnjfjfjfj+mӥmԐ8L( Ӣ й` m j`Hآ Hӭԭ h h`8٭028ٍڍ0Z$eٍeڍm٥m8٥08ٍڍ`8٥058ٍڍ0ԭ V 8fxL@ ] I)!) g 80 J8}L y L 0yʽz0 y L7  Lh `*f*&*)` ϭPh0 йPL)`)L` L``  `L` H , 8 V ТΕLϦI ] +)J* g I`LL) @L) L8``Lթ`~L8L)  =H 'HH N M))Mhh0 }LO}~~Șݻ~`}}~L< L }ީ~` ɠɀ)ӮԮmwӥmxԐ mi` HHGH`  &xix 0ޤՐڢ,P<0 )ߍL- J,P,QJ,R,SJ,T,U,W`,t0L40 ( dȅɥŐ ĐL `ʝ`))ժuvЭ H ʊJyjhz|ֆ׆ح)JfJf$PIJfש ʈ8 @ש wx LVخ ʊJJJ莟mwwJ) ܭL FܪJJJJ)`'+9;=?ACEGINR\aejns~  #&).369<ADGJMP^g $*-06=HLORWcfloruz/47=G\x{~'+.149?CGIKMOQSUWY[]_acegikmoqsuwy{}sic; +Q Quits."r12);::"80C";a$;:+w#9,"DISKNAME.DAT":#9;DISKNAME$:#9|d$=DISKNAME$$=23:=0::"80C";d$;::12)201M=3:=14:"This /// SIG Disk is \^ 19";Р,2)", Washington Apple `, Ltd."=4:B$(1)="":B$(2)=""A$=16,B) THEN 240 #1, d$="":=10:"80C";d$ ž#1300I=0"I=I+1:#1;A$(I):290,#1 6L=I-1@j=1:same=0 J:SEG=0 Tœ2030^CT<1CT=1cCT>13000Zha$="{,|,~,}; selects; to new disk; J/2)=4:=+1:ۙ=44B$(J);:J=J+1I:1,180,22:2,280,21:2,2380,23:8A$(1000),B$(1000),C%(511),C$(20),name$(20):=10:=0UCA=128:LCA=UCA+32CT=15 IF PREFIX$= PREFIX$+MID$(B$(I), SOS.INTERPu SOS.KERNELWBSEG.T READ.ME.FIRST PRINT.ALLD'gf=$/*UB POHLMAN.BASICB DISKNAME.DAT5 FLASHNAME.DATHELLO5B HELLO.TEXTS5 HERTZFELD.INT55 MENU.MAKEROU QUICK.NOTEWU SANDER.INTuB SOS.DRIVERu*VOLUME NAME (/DISKNAME) OR DEVICE NAME (.Dx)"P12);::"80C";a$;:Zb$="CHANGING DISKS"$d=23:=0::"80C";b$;::12).n=12:=20:"MAKE A NEW MENU FOR DISK: ";N$xN$)<2110=N$ :210 I=1L(A$(I),A$))200B$0 WAP /// SIG MENU.MAKER PROGRAM (v. 6.2) =".D1"210: Coldstart (320: Warmstart &*X=11000: TEXT SLOW-DOWN LOOP ,X.1 CHANGE DISK SUBROUTINE23œ202:2200<RFa$=" YOU MAY SELECT YOUR DISK BY    ) . 6 = J P S X [    $ 3 : = F d  > B H M s `e|&+.QVYcjuy~':{%(-47=FMUX\_jmz  .169DWfy   % * > A H K Z v z }      % , 1 5 : = B K R Z _ b g n s x ~ "BASIC 0":150A$="TEXT 0":150A$="CAT 0":150A$="FONT 0":150A$="FOTO 0":150A$(L),"BLOCKS")510*=27:=19:"FREE MEMORY AVAILABLE: ";=7:=20:"80C";A$(L);$:=5:THPOS=4:I=1:IBOTM=J-1:620Q=:=26:=21:1600 =Q:WW=0A=:A=21A=9&oldprefix$=40A=31410: Control C "aborts" program to Basic(:A=13770: Return Selects a file *DA=27:50: Escape to change disks/FA=324000: back out one directory level 3GA=(80+UCA)A=(80+LR",220(204::"79A";""; 2D=1:F=1 <#4;a$ FD=D+1 P#5;a$ZD=60#5;12)dD=60D=1nF=F+1::d$;::Y=1100:Y x13402  CATCH PASCAL TEXT FILES 202 :F*=08:"78C";"SORRY BUT MENU.MAKER CAN'T R".D1/MENU.MAKER",220 d$="" A$="PRINTING "+B$(I),16,B)=01:=0::"80C";A$;:#3,B$(I),16,B)Z=1#3;b$:"78A";b$Z=Z+1:Z=18:1290 1260 #4,B$(I),16,B)#5,".PRINTER"+ž#4#5;12):::".D1/MENU.MAKE30C$="N"C$="n"1160;:=23:=0::"79C";"PRESS ANY KEY TO HALT LISTING": $1020.202 8::Z=1B::=23:=0::"79C";"WOULD YOU LIKE A PRINTED COPY?":1C$:C$<>"Y"C$<>"y"C$<>"N"C$<>"n"1170*C$="N"C$="n"79C";"PRESS ANY KEY TO HALT LISTING"::202 1020#2,B$(I),16,B)ž#242:::1160Z=1#2;A$:"78A";A$Z=Z+1:Z>1842:::Z=1980*:=23:=0::"79C";"CONTINUE...?":1C$:C$<>"Y"C$<>"y"C$<>"N"C$<>"n"10 MENU.MAKER TEXT MODULESEG=0"MENU.MAKER"890&*X=11000: TEXT SLOW-DOWN LOOP ,X.1,180,22:2,280,21:2,2380,23:z:A$="LISTING "+B$(I),16,B)$=01:=0::"80C";A$;::12)>=23:=0::" 1600 &:WW=1:0 :SEG=1;".D1/SEG.F" SEG=1".D1/SEG.G"diskname$=3802  CATCH PASCAL TEXT FILES 202 :F*=08:"78C";"SORRY BUT MENU.MAKER CAN'T READ PASCAL TEXT FILES."04=10:"7M$="NOVEMBER":1750M$="DECEMBER":1750826);"-";M$;" ";Ѡ,2));", ";"19";Р,2);" ";/П,2))=>13П,2))-12;џ,6);:1780$П,2))=0"12";џ,6);:ٟ;$П,2))=>12" PM-":" AM-" 1830WW=1530 =26:=211660,1670,1680,1690,1700,1710,1720,1730,1740^M$="JANUARY":1750hM$="FEBRUARY":1750rM$="MARCH":1750|M$="APRIL":1750M$="MAY":1750M$="JUNE":1750M$="JULY":1750M$="AUGUST":1750M$="SEPTEMBER":1750M$="OCTOBER":1750T 0")2070H540R\A$="RUNNING "+B$(I),16,B)f"79C";A$;:=0pB$(I),16,B) z::SEG=1".D1/SEG.T"t=+B$(I),16,B) yCT=CT+1~240:=24:=0:"@ ..... "DATE.TIME.LINE" ....JM=Ҡ,4,2))BTM1630,1640,1650,0=+IBOTM/2-.5):I=IBOTM:I/2=I/2)I=I-1 œ2120B=B$(I),16)," ")-1 B$(I),"BASIC 0")850B$(I),"TEXT 0")890 B$(I),"CAT 0")1140*B$(I),"FONT 0")18504B$(I),"FOTO 0")1930>B$(I),"PASTXB$(I);v:520: 500THPOS=4:I/2=I/2)I=I-1I=IBOTM THPOS=44:I/2<>I/2)I=I+1I2=-1:I=I-2:IBOTM<30THPOS=44I=IBOTM/2)*2:=+IBOTM/2)-1:CA)"PRINT.ALL": OA+P 3HA=(81+UCA)A=(81+LCA):::: OA+Q Quits 3IA=(83+LCA)A=(83+UCA)"PRINT.SHOW": OA+S 2JA=(68+LCA)A=(68+UCA)/Screen.Savers/HELLON=THPOS:B$(I);XA<8A>11540bA-7640,660,690,720l:=THPOS:EAD PASCAL TEXT FILES."04=10:"78C";"ANY KEY RETURNS TO THE MENU."!>G$:::".D1/MENU.MAKER",320 WAP /// SIG PD LIBRARY PDS NAME: Phase /// Conference Plus! DISK ID : 3INF-14 BOOTABLE? Side One Only Phase /// was an Apple Computer Conference held during October, 1987 in Wheaton, Illinois. Sponsored by The Third Apple Users Group (TAU), The Confž#1740#1;A$:A$)<4710A$,3,4)="TEXT"X=X+1710 :X>YN=P::7);"There are no text files in the ";34);D$;34);" directory." ::I=P::7);"Unable to locate and open ";34);D$;34);" directory." ::IT$=N$,E,1):T$=" "T$=","610XE=E+1:E>N$)610:590bD$=N$,S,E-S)l:v:E>S+1600:D$="": œ770P=3:"Looking for ";34);D$;34);" directory." #1,D$=P3:"Reading from ";34);D$;34);" directory." I>X200300S=1:D=1:B=1570D$=""500 Y=X:S=ED$(D)=D$:640 X=Y440D=D+1:S=E:440D=D-1:X=0F$(X):X=0 J=1D D$=D$(J)790&J0 :œ6303DE=S+1:N$,S,1)=" "N$,S,1)=","S=S+1:580%Nž#2390 ^1000c: h#2;a$ma$rY=1150:Y0wB=B+1: Count the number of lines printed xB=15B=30355yB=60#3;12)zB=60B=1 {#3;a$|360B<=20#3;13)::410#3;12):Z=11000:ZI I=3d: PRINTER V. 1.0 ::=2::"PRINT.ALL v. 1.0":3=4:"Directory Name(s) or return to quit: ";n$N$)=0::"MENU.MAKER"430 X>0260I=11000:I:200: ,I=1X 14000 6#2,F$(I)@#3,".PRINTER" Jlor Pohlman on development of GS Basic from the Apple ///'s Business Basic. WILLIAMS.A3HIST :Don Williams takes a humurous look at SARA's early years. :Dr. Mel Astrahan discusses Apple /// graphics. DOGGETT.MLM :Banks Doggett Jr. discusses Dr. Al Bloom's Mail List Manager Utilities. GOODING.WPL :Ed Gooding on AppleWriter's Word Processing Language. POHLMAN.GSBASIC :Tay One you will find: HERTZFELD.INT : An interview with Andy Hertzfeld about the Apple ///. POHLMAN.BASIC : Taylor Pohlman talks about Business Basic. SANDER.INT : An interview with Dr. Wendell Sander on the ///. On Side Two: ASTRAHAN.GPHCS erence included a number of sessions about the Apple ///. This disk contains transcriptions of some of those sessions. Also included are interviews done with the Apple ///'s developer Dr. Wendell Sander and Apple's Andy Hertzfeld (on the ///). On Side#1,D$::"Processing directory ";34);D$;34);", please wait."; ž#1880*#1;A$:A$)<48104A$,3,4)<>"TEXT"810>X=X+1:".";HE=15:F$=A$,16,15)RF$,E,1)=" "E=E-1:850\F$(X)=D$+"/"+F$,E)f810p:  Pausep$ 900A$="PRINTING"+F$(I):$=01:=0::"80C";A$;::12)F=23:=0::"79C";"PRESS ANY KEY TO HALT PRINTING"::2,280,21 2000*:=23:=0::"79C";"CONTINUE...?":1C$:C$<>"Y"C$<>"y"C$<>"N"C$<>"n"iting for the system to boot! In fact, one of the big chuckles I had at Apple, I started there in '79, when Don (Williams) and I; Don started shortly thereafter; when the company was about 200 people and the /// was in embryo state. It sort of ex/ or used one? OK. All Business Basic users of one stripe or another? Pretty much. Whoa! Ones in the back..no way. Probably one of those Pascal jocks. We all know that those are the guys who, while we've finished writing the program, they're still wame here with questions or ideas, hopefully none of you came here with listings! But I thought it would be fun to make sure that we spent enough time, anyway, on things you wanted to talk about. Let me ask a question first. Does everyone have a //rograms somewhat into the present in terms of interface, using SOS and a few other techniques. I wanted to talk about, sort of a gift I am trying to do, see if any interest in that and finally wrap up with sort of a give and take. Some of you may have coBasic, which a lot of people don't know about, something about where I see its future, or versions of it going, give you as I did in the old articles, a challenge or two for programming. In fact, some ideas about ways you might bring your Business Basic p the /// awhile. So what I thought I'd do, instead of teaching Business Basic, which probably a lot of you don't need for me to do anyway, and secondly, this is probably not the forum. I thought what I'd do is talk a little about the history of Business PHASE /// CONFERENCE THE APPLE /// AND BUSINESS BASIC By Taylor Pohlman Apple Computer What I wanted to do today, because this is not, because you guys have been around the products awhile and you're probably here because you've been arounda$,1)="/"5060:s=s-1 5030=a$240 MENU.MAKER 6.2 * Thanks to C.M.Davidson for his help!l; G$:::320H: Error Routine 202:U=11:"79C";"BAD PATH ERROR (NO DISK IN DISK DRIVE OR DESIRED FILE NOT FOUND.)"X=11000:X:::210Z a$="{,|,~,}; selects; back 1 leve2010C$="N"C$="n"200;:=23:=0::"79C";"PRESS ANY KEY TO HALT LISTING": 20002,280,21 DF$(I)=D$+"/DISKNAME.DAT"F$(I)=D$+"/FLASHNAME.DAT"410:ۺ310 PRINTER v 1.0 isted, but the OS hadn't been written yet and so forth. It certainly hadn't been named. I remember therewafter, all the products that came out once the /// was there, some of the products, one of the products I used a lot was Access ///, because I did a lot of on-line stuff. And it always amazed me. Access /// was written very deliberately to be either invokable, of course or callable from Pascal. And it always chuckled me that everybody at Apple would fix it up, in fact almost everybody I knew at Apple liant guy. He was the one who came up with Invoke and Perform. If anybody who uses Assembly language or Invokable modules, you know how powerful that interface is. That was Don's invention. As we were tired of that Call 1, Call 3, Call 9 stuff, and we ruct was never better named than ANSII Minimal Basic, and so and I'd programmed in the langauge for years, so I said I'd take a look at it and do something. So Don and I sat down and figured out a lot of stuff we wanted to do with the language. He's a brilng to do something called Apple 4, which never saw the light of day either. They came to me, and said, "Gee, we hear you know something about Basic, can you help us out." Well, I'd served on the old ANSII Committee for Minimal Basic, which, a prods Basic. And the way I got involved in that was that, about that December, somebody came to me from the Apple /// team, at that time I was the Product Marketing Manager for the Apple //, and I was busy trying to create the next generation of //'s and tryimorphic 8080 with a 6502 cross-assembler. Boy, am I getting into some dark history! Anyway, Denmond sat down and did a beautiful job of turning Basic ///, which never saw the light of day except in one product secretly, of turning that into Businesa Polymorphic System, that had a 6502 cross-assembler, and a whole bunch of 8 inch diskettes that had the source of Basic /// and told him "Go for it." That was the development environment by the way, for Assembly language in those days at Apple was a Poly That was about the time a guy named Don Denmond got involved. I doubt any of you guys ever met Denmond, but Don at that time was streight out of Antioc, this Computer Science major, with a rosy future ahead of himself. And they slapped him down at arch, 1980 ship date they had for the ///. And they thought maybe we ought to have some sort of language. Maybe we could take this basic that's working really pretty well on the // in beta form, and just sort of modify it slightly to run it on the ///. nd long about the Fall of '79 when the /// was beginning to show signs of an operating system and the hardware was still in about three boards worth of prototype at that point, somebody paniced and notices that Pascal wasn't going to quite make it to the Ms a hack of AppleSoft. That's sort of the word to Bill Gates, who's sort of tied the thing up ever since. But Basic /// was a 13 sector Business Basic with most of the general language features, including Print Using, that were found in Business Basic. A me tell you a little about how Basic got started. How many of you ever heard of Basic ///? If you havn't heard about it, you probably don't have a copy either. Basic /// is Business Basic for the Apple //. Project got started in late '78. Basically al simple you use this interpreter, and like that.. I have a prejudice for Basic you'll notice after a while, although I have written some fairly large Pascal applications on the MAC, but I still have a prejudice for Basic on the ///. Letle module from Business Basic, I remember sliding up to the system we all used as a terminal at that point, stuck my little disk in and BAM! there I was in Access ///. And they said, "Wow, what did you do?, What magic did you perform?" and I said it's reaactually used Access /// in Pascal. So they'd grind all the way up through Pascal and then they'd finally jump into this 32K assembly language module that was Access ///. And I remember going in one time; of course I configured my Access /// as an Invokabeally felt we needed a modern facility. And there were a lot of things we put in the language. There were a lot of things we wished we'd put into the language that we never got in there and a lot of those ended up going into the new version of Business Basic for the GS, called GS Basic. The product made it out in the Summer or so of '80 it was in stable enough shape. It was at that point that I turned a beta copy over to Don Williams, who had done Desktop Plan. In fact, Apple had used Desktop Pm listings got longer and longer because they counted those as words too! So you notice the articles got longer and longer as I noticed the impact of ten cents per word. And on the subject of the articles, that was something else I wanted to talhad to do was sit down and spend 40 hours a month writing the damn things. So Roygles said we've got to talk. So we actually sat down and negotiated something. But I never did it for ten cents per word, although I have to admit some of the prograill rediculously hard in those days it was like six months and had to beg and plead and crawl through the editorial offices. And it was really worth a bonus because it was hard to get an article placed. But once I had cut a deal with Al and Margo, all I a minute, I thought you were doing an article." And I said no, I'm really doing a column. He went "A column? For how long." And I said "I don't know, maybe for a couple of years." He was thinking in terms of getting an article in Byte, which is steat", we'll pay the bonus and so forth. And that all happened and I did the first one and then I did the second one, and they paid the bonus, and at that point they were paying double bonuses for Apple /// articles. Phill Roygle came to me and said, "Waitre not around anymore. I talked to Al and Margo and they said yes, this would be great, you can do an article every month and we'd love it. So I went to Apple and said, "Hay, I'm going to get this article published in Softalk." And they went "Grout that and Apple was too. In those days they had an author bonus. If you published an article you got a little bonus from Apple. And of course in those days, Softalk was paying ten cents per word for articles, which is probably one of the reasons they'cles and a lot of publicity about the system. And so I went to Softalk and asked them if they'd be interested in an article on Basic, because I knew something about Basic, and in the process, maybe something about the ///. Well they got really excited abhe Fall of 82 to start Forethought and do interesting products. Some of you who use Macs maybe know Filemaker and Powerpoint. But, the key then was that the other thing Apple was looking for, because the /// was in shakey shape, was a lot of magazine artinamed Jerry Bauer, and a few other people who spent a lot of our time on the phone listening to a lot of you explain what a wonder machine this would be if it really worked. And we sort of got the product back on its feet a little bit. I left in tRight!...How many did you buy..or how many were you given?..I think the record is probably nine or ten. In fact, in the fall of 81, I actually asked for the job of fixing the Apple ///, and I started the "Let Me Reintroduce Myself" campaign. Hired a guy Calc in his spare time and became a staunch advocate of the /// in the process, once he learned the system. And I went on from Basic, to the Fall in 81..this is a funny story too. In the Fall of '81 the Apple ///; how many bought their ///'s in '81? All th the forecasting program. I didn't have to know anything about trend analysis or any of that stuff for the business conditions. All I had to know was how to fix the program when it blew up. So, at that point I gave Don a copy, he wrote Graph N' lan for its forcasting system internally for a year and I was fortunate enough to get the opportunity to run that, mainly because the key ingredient for forecasting by a person in those days was a good, working knowledge of AppleSoft so he could keep up wik about today. I've had requests and Dave over there has been bugging me for what now, probably two years, saying "You wouldn't happen to have any of those on diskette would you?" And sure enough, I do. I made a deal with Softalk shortly before they folded to do a book about Business Basic. I think they'd even hinted at it from time to time. And I'd whipped all the articles together sortof in a big, formless lump that was going to be ten or twelve chapters of a book. And in the process, I had put in a s probably the largest Basic program I have ever written or will ever write in a single mass of code. I was very proud it actually ran and made me, as it turned out, some money. Anyway, Basic evolved from a language taht was just useful for gettcations with it myself, so in a sense, Basic was already being warped into more of a development language than a pure "Hacker Get Running Pure" language. I wrote a 50K program in Business Basic for automated processing in medical labratories, and that waome of the things we wanted to extend the language with, a real runtime system for example so you could actually build applications you could sell, although a lot of people did sell Business Basic Applications. But I did some fairly amazing applinguage not only in a hurry in, but also do useful things in. Things that actually could become products. One of the battles I lost with Denmond, and when he left to do MacBasic, a product that, unfortunately never made it out, we lost the ability to do smber the complier! In point of fact, Basic was designed as a language to put things together in a hurry. And we designed Business Basic to extend that a little bit. Though the invokable interface and the SOS interface, we designed it to be a laecause it was an interpreter for one thing and you could see your work unfold before your eyes. I had standing challenge to the Pascal group at Apple that I could do any program faster than they could, probably faster than they could compile it, if I remef had to be one to do anything useful with AppleSoft. But more of a language designed from the beginning to do things in a hurry. Things that you either wanted to get working in a hurry, or test in a hurry or prototype in a hurry or develop in a hurry. Bn the new GS BASIC. Let me spend a few minutes talking about programming in BASIC and where that is today. BASIC grew up as sort of a hacker's language. Not hackers from the standpoint of computer hackers, although you sort o. They're yours basically. I'm going to put them in TAU's library and in Washington Apple Pi and if you want to use them, great. All I ask for is to leave the attribution and appreciate not selling them. There will be a book, which I'm working on now, o And I'd get the listing and say "Well, I understand why it doesn't work, I guess it's not the smae program I wrote." But, I felt really bad because some of those programs were pretty long and complicated and so I could just hear American typing out therehey would slap them into a typesetter and the programs would all come out, the proportional spaces would go away, things would go, it was amazing. From time to time, I'd get a letter from someone saying "I really don't understand why this works."nt your fingers typing those in...they set those things in proportional type. I had all these things carefully constructed, spaces and everything. Gone to all this trouble to use Applewriter to save the files out of text files, merge them in. But then td the /// using Interfile and also between the Apple /// and Apple //. So on two disks upstairs, I have copies of all of the old articles, all 23 of them and most of the programs associated with them in program-type form. For those of you who bebinder all the old articles. So what I did before coming here, was I got a copy of the driver for the Unifile for the ///. It works like a champ and gives you access to 800k disks which is also really handy for switching back and forth between the Mac aning a few simple things done to one that became an environment to develop useful programs. And with GS Basic we've extended it even further to make it even more useful to do that. But like most things, the style of programs evolves some hopefully along with the language. And that was the challenge. So what I'd like to talk about is how you would use Business Basic to do more modern style applications. How many people have put dialog boxes and pull-down menus and/or pop-up menus that work in theier returns or anything. Make sure your window is set to that size temporarily and do a print to the screen in one or blast the screen with a Console command and you will write those characters instantaneously to the screen. Now it's possible to useen and blasting characters to that window without any intervening returns or writes. Let's say, for instance you wanted to do a 20 character by five line thing to the screen. That would be 80 bytes. 80 bytes in the string, no intervening charactng it back. One of the neetist features of the Console driver is the windowing capability. And for high-performance writing to the screen to a particular area. Absolutely nothing beats, especially multi-line reconfiguring the windown on the scrdoing it) to get you into a mode that pops menus up, simply slide across with the bar, slide down with the down arrow, do a menu pick, pull dialog boxes up and so forth all by grabbing a piece of screen real estate, saving it away, modifying it and blastiood job of pull-down style menus within programs. The basic technique is to write a series of routines that notices either cursor position, particular state of the key to move back and forth, puts itself into a mode and uses Command (which is the way I'm e outline of a program and maybe I'll do an article for some of the magazines something like that. But based on that 255 characters it turns out you can do pretty decent dialog boxes and you can do pretty decent pop-up menus and you can also do a really gn. Pretty neet except he saved it to a buffer that you couldn't get to or modify and all you could do was slap it back onto the screen. So I sort of abandoned the idea of that and went away. But I've been working recently and in fact, sketched thve and restore 255 characters at a time was pretty useless. And then a guy at Apple whom I won't name thought he was going to solve the problem and create an Invokable that made it out to 1.2 or something like that which saved and restored the entire scree just doesn't seem to hack it. And so I had an idea of doing a multi-window word processor based on some of the things I'd done in the articles with edit routines and so forth, it looked to me to be real possible. But unfortunately, being able to only san enough to get the information back. It's very convenient to get that information out of the string. Unfortunately, for the really interesting call you'd like to do, to get a piece of the screen, save it, manipulate it, and blast it back, 255 characterst about some of those SOS calls. In particular, one of the issues was how to return information from SOS calls. Most of the SOS calls that you want to do and most of the calls to the Console Driver that you want to do, a 255 character string is more tha ways of doing anything with the screen that comes up to help or do anything else at a keystroke is to be able to save the current contents without necessarily knowing what they are and then being able to restore them. Don and I had a long argumenthe controls called Status Calls and so forth, it is possible to retrieve from the console in a number of ways characters from the screen. And one of the key things about doing anykind of overlay window on the ///, in fact I'd planned an article about keyr Basic programs? Super. I want to talk with you about some of those techniques. For those of you who have your Three's around and Basic, I'd be very interested to see the way you do it. If you are familier with the SOS interface and particularly with e that technique to do all sorts of quick writes. In fact anyone who read the old article about scrolling in text mode, horizontal scrolling. Remember the technique there was to create a window that was one character wide on the right or left hand side of the screen and write the 24 characters it took to do those lines to the Console drive. When you write that 24 characters and the window is only one character wide, the console driver automatically spills them down the screen and the write is instantaneot with a set of routines that work pretty well and are fairly portable and then you look at the target and do the best job you can for as much of that hardware as you can use. And, the /// was an outstanding machine for Basic because it was an outstandingch thing, particularly in the portable Basic environment except maybe Microsoft Basic. But I personally never believed that, particularly if you do products or things for your own use, that portability was that great a virtue. I think what you do is stars" and I'd use my little character edit program and go to town. So, and that's one of the issues. Portability is not exactly one of Basic's features. Everyone does Basic differenctly because everybody loves it in different ways. So there's really no suter set, although it wasn't used by a whole lot of people, was one of its most powerful features as well. I used to watch people struggle over their IBM PC's trying to get anything decent working with their standard characters and I'd ask them, "Watch Thicolor was fairly neet. It was all written in character mode completely in Basic. There was no assembly except for using techniques like the high speed calls to do I/O to the screen. And of course, the fact that the /// had a programmable characu got subtracted points, if you hit the head of the bug you'd kill the whole bug, etc. The animation was very smooth scrolling with the windows going that way, the bugs going across, the shots looked real, they exploded like they were supposed to and the . And at the bottom you had a canon, which you could slide around and every time you hit the space bar, it would fire a shot up. And every time you hit the bug you'd get points depending on where you hit it, if you hit the wall, depending on which wall yoset in 40 column mode, which I thought had pretty fair animation. It was sort of bizarre, what you had was bugs with little heads and legs that crawled across the screen, across the top and then in the middle ground, there were three moving sets of wallsif I hadn't had access to the invokables those would have been a shorter series of articles and a lot less interesting. In fact, the one I'm most proud of, BugMania, I used to take it around. Bugmania was an interactive game using the graphics character y won't be as good as they can be. The beauty of Business Basic was always that it ran on SOS. If I couldn't have gotten to the Console driver, if I didn't have a standard device file interface, if I hadn't had those nice SOS calls and certainly the Device Drivers manual. Because the one thing that was beautiful about Basic was and is that you have such access to this incredible Assembly language machine underneath the Basic program. And if you don't take advantage of that your applications reallPut more of a interactive kind of interface on the programs. And I would challenge you to try some of those techniques out. Get your old Standard Device Drivers manual out. Funny, most people program with the Basic manual. I used to program mostly with a reasonable size buffer and the fact that you can blast them back to the screen almost instantaneously means you can do an outstanding job at implementing some of the features you see in both MS-Dos applications and certainly in MAC-style applications. us. Try to do that by cycling through 24 turns thorugh a For-Next statement...dogmeat! It just doesn't work. So the fact that the Console does such a great job of windowing, the fact that you can get characters very quickly from the screen into machine period. Was and is an outstanding machine, period. And if you use it, you can do some pretty amazing things in Basic. ninesses you read about in Business Week or Info World. It's physically located in Campbell, California, in a modern one-story office building that's light tan in color. And many of its employees even jog at lunchtime, just like employees at other Silico An Interview with Wendell Sander, Ph.D. By David Ottalini Conducted September, 1986 Originally published in The /// Magazine To most observers, The Engineering Department would appear to be just another one of those Silicon Valley computer busosh I was influenced by the Apple /// operating system. the mainstream that everyone uses on the Apple //. A lot of the other techniques developed for the Apple /// worked very well. I did the Macintosh operating system and I was very familiar with the Apple /// and especially in the I/O system of the Macintf it and so it never really caught on and eventually fell into obsolescence. What are some of the things that were developed on the /// that found their way into other Apple machines? The most obvious was ProDOS. The ProDOS file system lives on today asle /// was the high end of the Apple line. It was conceived as being the "big brother" of the Apple //, more suitable to business applications. The way things evolved, it sort of got displaced by other products. Essentially, the IBM PC beat the pants ofost famous, there's another, a sort of spin-off of that program: a turkey vulture! There was also an animation of that, but it's not as commonly known. Where did the Apple /// fit in Apple's product line? In the time frame that it was designed, the App maps that Charley Kelner had digitized...for a program on the Apple // called Animatrix. I just converted them into a character set format and read the appropriate software to download them. What people don't know is that while "Running Horses" is the meived that putting all these colored horses all running at once could be too much to plot on the HiRes screen. But with a downloadable character set, I could make 16 horses run as quickly as just one by downloading the characters. So I got these nice bitHorses" display? I did that to test out the downloadable character set feature in the Apple /// just a few days after they put it in. I was thinking what impressive thing could I get up on the screen that would be very hard to do without that. And I concey would be changing the hardware every day, since the design of the machine was not frozen. And since I was interested in all these new features the hardware had, I would help test out the new features the day they got it going. What about the "Running you first get started with the Apple ///? A few weeks after I got started at Apple in August, 1979 I saw this prototype a technician named Dan Cockey was building on his workbench along with Wendell Sander, the designer of the machine. In those days, thn Valley offices do. I'm not sure if Dr. Wendell Sander, the President and Chairman of the Board jogs, but I know that his mind seems to be "running" at a fast pace on a number of interesting projects, some of which might just find their way into the /// community? Positive in general. We've gotten a lot of response from the Apple /// people. There have been postings on Bulletin Boards and things of this sort and we do get two-three letters per day from Apple /// owners who are intereull and part-time about 15 people now. They're virtually all engineers except one person who is providing financial support and we do have one person who does marketing on a half-time basis. ///: How much interest has there been in Little Blue Card fromple, Dick Houston, before we started this, worked with a group that developed a video-disk based game that is highly interactive. So we have interests in entertainment areas and home electronics areas of all types. ///: How big is your staff? Fan half of our activity and our other activities include contracts with Apple and other individuals and corporations. ///: What other areas is the company interested in? We are interested in and do work in entertainment electronics. One of our peoing for The Engineering Department.) Our objective is to do product design. The fact that we are doing a card (the Little Blue Card) for the Apple // is simply one project that we decided we wanted to fund ourselves. But in actuality, that is less thware projects for the peripherals and the early operating systems and then he was on the SOS team and finally wrote ProDos. So we have a lot of the old Apple engineering represented. (Author's note: The developer of Selector ///, Steve Smith is also workPU design which I was responsible for for the Apple /// and many of the early revisions of the Apple //. I was responsible for or designed most of the early Apple // peripherals that were done. And Dick Houston is here who did most of the early firmut The Engineering Department. The Engineering Department is really a collection of virtually all ex-Apple people. I should point out that we have three of the five original engineers who worked with Apple here. And our backgrounds range from the Cknow, with enough interest, the Little Blue Card could very well find its way into the /// sometime next year. This interview was conducted with Dr. Sander in early September at The Engineering Department in Campbell, California. ///: Tell me abon Steve Jobs' impact. He also discussed with me some of the things his new company is doing now. Projects not only for Apple, but other companies as well. The most exciting is an IBM XT emulation card for the //. And as readers of The /// Magazine well s at Apple. As you might imagine, Dr. Sander has some definite ideas about what happened to the Apple /// during its brief lifetime. And he was most open in this interview about what was wrong, and right, with the Apple /// project, not to mentio originally hired to work on the Apple // before being given responsibility for the /// project. I won't dwell on its history here but would suggest "Fire in the Valley" as an excellent source of information about the development of the /// and its problemagues) still have a place reserved in their hearts for our wonderful computer. In fact, there are still a few ///'s being used at the Engineering Department even now. It's interesting to note that Wendell Sander was Apple's 16th employee. He wasour beloved Apple ///! Why the interest in a "dead machine"? Well, Wendell Sander just happens to be the "Father" of our ///, the man who actually designed it. And as you will see, during our conversation it was obvious he (and some of his collested in the Little Blue board for the ///. That is a project that we have some personal interest in here, but havn't put as a high priority. We are interested in putting our Apple // and Apple //e version out first and then go on from there. ///: Is a /// version a possibility? It's not a terribly difficult task, that's why it's kind of intriguing. It would be a matter of doing a relay out of the board. There's certainly adequate board space in an Apple /// and there would have to be some modificatat. So each person gets their turn on the wave, it looks like. It's also been interesting to watch the difference in strategy to clones. Apple has always been very aggressive in that respect. IBM has not. They may not have been quite as able to ford market. Things seem to go in waves. There was the education wave, when the IBM PC came in there was the wave of the PCS. And now desktop publishing is the wave and everybody is into desktop publishing and the Macintosh seems to be the forerunner in ths time to get the mechanisms in place where it can listen again, so it's easier to do when they aren't growing so fast, I'm sure. And the marketplace has changed so radically, it's remarkable to me that anybody can follow it. It's still an extremely flui They go through phases. All companies go through phases and growing pains. In the early days, one of its fortes was that Apple could be responsive. And it could, because it was small. As it gets large, it gets more difficult to respond and it takebably have a bit more credibility because of our backgrounds than someone who is trying to come in cold. So I won't say that we don't have an advantage working with them that way. ///: They seem to be making a real effort to listen to users these days. ses. I don't think Apple is significantly different than other large companies in that respect to deal with. We have an advantage because many of us here know many people inside or are known inside, so it's easier for us to make contacts. And we proto pay the bill; you don't have to worry about that. But on the other hand, the decision-making process in such a large organization is much more complex and goes through more bureaucracy than it does in a small organization, so it has its pluses and minury large corporation. At this point and for the last number of years, working with Apple is working with a large corporation that has its advantages and disadvantages. They are a large, solid company that when you send them a bill you know they are going //: Have you found Apple easier to work with now that the management has changed? I don't think there's been a whole lot of difference. Remember we've seen Apple from the time where we were all sitting in one room to where it is now a very, vedo in a smaller environment where we can take a specification and work within it and we only have to communicate with each other about it. It goes more rapidly and we see our way to the end more rapidly and that's a much more satisfying kind of work. / Yes. In my case, I was essentially retired for two or three years. I was doing some consulting. But putting in time for another company is less interesting than actually getting projects and seeing them through to completion. And this is easier to use we do need to get the the // and //e versions out before anything else can be done. AUTHORS NOTE: THE LITTLE BLUE CARD BECAME APPLIED ENGINEERING'S PC TRANSPORTER CARD. A /// VERSION WAS NEVER PRODUCED.) ///: Do you like working outside of Apple? have to concentrate on getting the // product out first. ///: One of the /// vendors (Sun Systems) has indicated an interest in working with you on this. It's a matter of priorities right now. Getting our work done, getting our first one out, becaions to the software but they would be relatively small. We have the people who know what those have to be. It's a fairly straight-forward task but it does take time and energy and at this point we can't make commitments as to how we will proceed. We many reasons including they're a bigger company and have to be careful about how they get aggressive legally. But Apple has taken that as one of their forefronts, and it has probably helped them today as a company because they aren't faced with the same problem as IBM is where the bottom part of their market is being eroded away. You could argue whether that's good or not for the end customers, but IBM has tended in their large machine market to try and make an advantage for the end user because then they got out there very well. So maybe they learned a little about the fact that you beat your own drums sometimes when you do things like that. ///: Were there too many restrictions placed on you, while you were designing the ///? I think we didn't kthe fact that that was done was really never highly publicized. There were some really dramatic efforts for Apple to follow up on its commitments on those things and the problems were genuinely corrected totally in the marketplace and yet (the word) nevert caught up with us. I think if we had had another six to nine months those problems would never have appeared in the marketplace. Secondarily, when those problems were corrected, by essentially a wholesale replacement of the existing (motherboard), acturer and there were supportive quality activities, component selection and things like that had not grown up with the company when it should have. Therefore we were not in a position to do adequate component qualification and things of that sort, and ioo much push to get it out. That caused it to have some early reliability problems it would not otherwise have had. They were primarily mechanical and as a result, to a large extent, of growth pains in the company. We were growing, becoming a large manufey've learned the Apple //'s demise is not just around the corner! There was this concern that "Wow, if we don't get this thing out next month, Apple // sales are liable to go down and we're really dead, we're in big trouble." So there was probably t there were probably several. It was probably introduced into the marketplace six to nine months too early largely because there was a great worry within Apple for a long time that the Apple //, that its demise was just around the corner. I think maybe tharkable success story. And that software philosophy being carried across to the entire Apple line absolutely makes sense. ///: As the Father of the Apple ///, what do you think Apple has learned from its problems? Well, I think the ///'s problems,y of the standard bases, it's very difficult to create a standard. The Macintosh is truly remarkable because even in the face of the IBM being perceived as a sort of standard it was able to create itself a new software standard and that is quite a remd what you run them with is less important than your ability to run them well. And this has many implications in terms of ability to create these standards and things of this sort. It's very difficult because you create a new machine that does not run an philosophies across to the Apple // are very important. It's important to remember that computers are primarily program runners and what you want to do is have a machine that runs a large body of very useful programs. And exactly how you run them aneve Jobs' philosophies, "By George it had to be this way and look this way", I think the current success of the Macintosh, much of the success of that philosophy has to be credited to him. He was right in many ways. So, I think bringing that concept andthe software more equivalent and look more alike and I think that's definitely the right direction. The Macintosh-kind of software approach aimed at the user is what is making it. For all the comments and pluses and minuses and arguments about many of St have portability and uniformity and all those wonderful advantages. It's really kind of interesting to watch this all go by. ///: Do you like the way Apple is going, bringing the // and Macintosh lines closer together? They are trying to make now enough about what we were doing. In retrospect, it's clear we should have maintained total backward compatibility with the //, which we did not necessarily perceive as being essential. Because we were still coming out of the world where, well you design a new machine and you wrote new software for it and it was a new machine and nobody worried too much about the old stuff. That was an inaccurate perception. So we should have had complete Apple // emulation in it. And at the time the //e was introduce/// owners are as loyal as they are to that machine? I actually find it very interesting. There is a tremendous loyalty there. I think there's a little bit of that in many orphan machines. The /// seems unusually strong that way. It's interestingis history and position in the company. So it may have had some influence. But at the time the /// was dropped, it was not selling that well and the marketplace had by and large moved on. I would not lay that on him as well. ///: Are you surprised that e standard. The task the Macintosh had to accomplish was extremely difficult in the marketplace and so he was very much pushing that way and at the same time he had perhaps disproportionately more clout than a usual product manager might have because of h doing. And if he had to brush other things aside to make Macintosh go forward that was fair game to Steve. But that's not necessarily a bad sign for the manager of a group trying to make a successful product. It is very hard to create a new softwarply the marketplace? I think the marketplace had moved on. I wouldn't lay that on Steve Jobs. Steve, there's no question he was doing the Macintosh, that was his primary focus and as far as he was concerned it was the most important thing Apple wast provides a common media of dealing with text files. Also, I think your Basic on the /// is, I like it the best of the Basics that I get to work with. ///: What about Steven Jobs and his attitude about the ///? Did he kill the /// or was it simelped the ///. Several of us here still use the /// quite a bit. Frankly, we mostly use AppleWorks and carry the file systems. And the /// EZ Pieces and the fact that that program is transmittable between the two has been a great advantage too because icarry on. I really believe the //e is going to have an amazingly long life in the educational world. The education world is not one that easily changes horses. ///: ProDos compatibility has really helped the /// a great deal, hasn't it? That has h: Is the new //gs what the /// should have ended up being? I can't comment on that. I think the fact that Apple is coming out with a new generation of //s is what is important to recognize. They perceive the line as having breadth and depth to that it set a standard. In fact, many parts of the /// lived on in the //e. I worked (on the //e project) and many of the concepts done on the /// were carried across to get the 80 column mode; many of those aspects showed up in the //e design. ///most professional and best done. That is in the sense of being able to get modules in and out of it and adapt to it and add to it and expand on it, SOS is still probably better than any of the popular operating systems on micros. So, that's certainly truemany of the concepts that were developed in SOS were carried through in MS-DOS. So it really has to be rated as a very important event in software for micros because it was the first really solid operating system. I still think it is probably one of the eresting that the Mac Plus came out with a hierarchical file system (HFS) that the /// had from the very beginning... Yes, the /// software was exceptional. It really set the standard. Even to some extent the MS-DOS was, if you look closely at it, d there should have been a /// with complete //e emulation introduced at the same time. I think if those had taken place, it would have been perceived as a more fully compatible product and big brother product and would have had more clout. ///: It's int and a valuable lesson for people when they see a machine going orphan because there's such a panic about it because there tends to be quite a long lifetime. I think that's very true also of the people doing support designs and support programs. There's actually a good marketplace that can be developed that I think people miss because they think "Well, that's a dead end" and very often it really is not. If anything, if you are willing to take the trouble to specialize in some of those type of machineA=:A=21A=9oldprefix$=A=31110A=27:=".D1":980A=13630=THPOS:B$(I);A<8A>11400A-7500,520,550,580:=THPOS:B$(I);:380: 500THPOS=4:I/2=I/2)I=I-1I=IBOTM THPOS=44:I/2<>I/,A$="TEXT 0":406A$="CAT 0":40@A$="FONT 0":40JA$="FOTO 0":40TA$(L),"BLOCKS")370*^=27:=19:"FREE MEMORY AVAILABLE: ";h=7:=20:"80C";A$(L);$r:=5:THPOS=4:I=1:IBOTM=J-1:480|Q=:=26:=21:1400 =Q:WW=0PE> sets Prefix to .D1; aborts."12);::"80C";a$;:d$=DISKNAME$$=23:=0::"80C";d$;::12)1,180,22F=3:=14:"This /// SIG Disk is \^ 1991, Washington Apple `, Ltd."=4:B$(1)="":B$(2)="""A$="BASIC 0":40511),C$(20),name$(20):=10:=0nx=+B$(I),16,B)140 PREFIX$=.D1 #1, ž#1180I=0I=I+1:#1;A$(I):170#1 L=I-1j=1:same=0:/#9,".D1/DISKNAME.DAT":#9;DISKNAME$:#9Ta$="{,|,~,}; selects; J/2)=4:=+1:ۙ=44PB$(J);:J=J+1ZI:8dA$(1000),B$(1000),C%(ason you didn't use a manual in the office. You always had an IBM Selectric because your letters had to look as good as your competitors. And the same thing is going to happen with laserwriters. They are going to become a necessity in every office and ttensively for everything here. And for all practical purposes, any office that is using a typewriter is going to find that as soon as the first competitor is putting out letters on laserwriters that they are in an untenable position. It's the same reace it's very difficult to dislodge. So most small businesses are going to have a PC and a Mac both. That's the way it's going. And I think desktop publishing is going to be as pervasive as the optimists say because we use laserwriting and Macintoshes exthink that they have managed to establish leadership in desktop publishing is going to be an extremely important factor in their growth because what its going to do is move them into businesses, particularly small businesses. And once they're in plto have swung. And a lot of it has to do with, much of Apple's future is tied in to the Macintosh world. You have to understand that companies like that have to work on their future products and that technology is probably their longer-term wave. I So overall, you are optimistic about the future of Apple? They look very strong. As I say, its gone in a cycle. It's really quite interesting, the IBM as a PC company has tended to have flattened and Apple is on a rise so to some extent things seem s, you can make a very good living and you're not in such a "slug-it-out" competition where it's a more stable and more long-lived environment to live in. I really think people are making some mistakes in there. That looks like a good place to be. ///: 2)I=I+1&I2=-1:I=I-2:NIBOTM<30XTHPOS=44I=IBOTM/2)*2:=+IBOTM/2)-1:0b=+IBOTM/2-.5):I=IBOTM:I/2=I/2)I=I-1lvB=B$(I),16)," ")-1B$(I),"BASIC 0")700B$(I),"TEXT 0")740B$(I),"CAT 0")960B$(I),"FONT 0")1660B$(I),"FOTO 0")1730400A$="RUNNING "+B$(I),16,B)"79C";A$;:=0B$(I),16,B):A$="LISTING "+B$(I),16,B)$=THANKS TO JOHN LOMARTIRE FOR TRANSCRIBING SOME OF THE PHASE /// SESSIONS! PHASE /// CONFERENCE AND MORE! ormation to our PD library. rary. B$(I),16,B)name$=34)+D$+34) GLOAD.D$16);1) GRAFIXONX=12000:X::RELEASE:#5302l ...... WAP /// SIG MENU.MAKER (VERSION 4.54):=21:1400 T1400 ^:WW=1:h |: CHANGE THE FONT".D1/download.inv"C$=B$(I),16,B)array$="C%"name$=34)+C$+34)getfont(@name$,@array$)loadfont(@array$)J=1:SAME=0:215#5,".GRAFIX"".D1/BGRAF.INV"D$=50M$="NOVEMBER":1550M$="DECEMBER":1550826);"-";M$;" ";Ѡ,2));", ";"19";Р,2);" ";/П,2))=>13П,2))-12;џ,6);:1580$"П,2))=0"12";џ,6);:ٟ;$,П,2))=>12" PM-":" AM-" 61630@WW=1390J=26,1450,1460,1470,1480,1490,1500,1510,1520,1530,1540M$="JANUARY":1550M$="FEBRUARY":1550M$="MARCH":1550M$="APRIL":1550M$="MAY":1550M$="JUNE":1550M$="JULY":1550M$="AUGUST":1550M$="SEPTEMBER":1550M$="OCTOBER":15=0::"79C";"CONTINUE...?":'(<>89<>121<>78<>11013202=78=11010<9F=23:=0::"79C";"PRESS ANY KEY TO HALT LISTING":P2,280,2 Z1310dn"x ..... "DATE.TIME.LINE" ....M=Ҡ,4,2))BM1430,1440,B$(I),16,B)#5,".PRINTER" $ž#4120 .#4;a$ 8#5;a$ B1070LV:=24:=0::#X=1100: TEXT SLOW-DOWN LOOPX810 Halt Subroutine::=23:=0::"79C";"PRESS ANY KEY TO HALT LISTING.": 1300(=23::=12:=0:120=+B$(I),16,B)1408A$(1000),B$(1000),C%(511),C$(20),name$(20):=10:=0 :120>::=23:=0::"79C";"WOULD YOU LIKE A PRINTED COPY?":1C$:C$<>"Y"C$<>"y"C$<>"N"C$<>"n"1010C$="N"C$="n"120#4C$<>"n"850\C$="N"C$="n"1000;f:=23:=0::"79C";"PRESS ANY KEY TO HALT LISTING": p840z2,280,21K:=23:=0::"79C";"TO PRINT OR RETURN TO MENU, HIT THE SPACE BAR":C$:C$<>" "930:ۺ1000 :=".d1"01:=0::"80C";A$;::12)E=23:=0::"79C";"PRESS ANY KEY TO HALT LISTING"::2,280,21 840#2,B$(I),16,B) ž#2910*#2;A$:A$:12304810 >:120*H:=23:=0::"79C";"CONTINUE...?":0RC$:C$<>"Y"C$<>"y"C$<>"N"he result is going to be a massive demand for desktop publishing. So that leadership position is probably the most important thing in Apple's future. ### how it looks, is that we believe that GS BASIC is going to provide an environment to do any sort of software you want in a GS environment. Everything from converting your Applesoft and Apple /// Business Basic programs over pretty much straight as they areal stuff and GS itself could be turned loose to do all the hard part. I guess part of my talk today and part of the reason for showing you this first, it's really the only demo I have although I'd be happy to show you the source code, to show you on top and all of the events that happen when you actually say enlarge a window and so forth. TaskMaster takes care of all this stuff for you. When we built GS BASIC, we built an interface to TaskMaster in BASIC, so that BASIC only had to deal with the rsee on the Mac. Those of us who have done Mac programming know that it is damn hard to do the events and stuff and window activation and refresh, all the rest of the stuff. In particular when you start playing games like activating a window, bringing in side the GS to actually do window-style interfaces is all done within the ROM and also through an interface with the ROM in general interface terms through resources called TaskMaster. TaskMaster is actually something a lot of people would like to ger, and the manager of QuickDraw, and so on within the Apple II GS. And if you notice, as you notice in this demo, it seems to perform sort of like the old demo too, doesn't it? That's because when you really look at it, 90% or 99% of what's going on inthat is that this is a BASIC program. This is a re-implementation of the original GS demo done in GS BASIC. In fact, there's no assembly language in this program at all. This is done completely with a BASIC interface to the ToolKit including Window Mana  Run Side Two Program#"TURN THIS DISK OVER, PLEASE."6"I WILL WAIT A FEW MOMENTS FOR YOU TO DO THAT..."(X=150002X<F!P"OK RUNNING SIDE TWO NOW..."ZX=11000dXn".D1/MENU.MAKER"xrary. ibrary. e through utilizing the full facilities of the system. There are no real limitations to the ToolKit and the tools that you can get to, in the GS. Everything from SoundManager to you name it, and new tools as they appear, are ready to interface. OK, that's an intro. I've got you intrigued. I hope so. Let me give you a little background about GS BASIC. First, I left Apple for a while back in the Fall of 1982. Started a couple of companies and had a lot of fun. In parting with the third one oger memory and so forth. But it was real clear that although that was interesting and kind of useful, it really wasn't what the machine wanted. I'm a firm believer that languages are only good if they let you at the machine. So we sat down and really stame pretty apparent when we got into it that, yeah, we could do it. In fact we did a port pretty quickly. We started in July and by September we were actually demonstrating Business Basic programs running on the GS with a little bit of extension like laral." So I put together him and my partner at the time, Dan Winslow, who was Apple's old lawyer that did the patent trade mark stuff, fought the Franklin and Comb wars, and all that stuff. The three of us got together and went off to do it. It becf. I dragged John out of the garage and he said, "It's a neat machine, the GS. (He'd already done one project on it.) We got a chance from Cochrane to get the source of Business Basic and convert it. What do you think?" He said, "Sounds like a neat deword "GO". John was doing some consulting, working with FORTH company. He had put out some real neat stuff pretty much on his own in a garage behind his house. I found John, dredged him up. John actually worked on a lot of the early Business Basic stuftime, a long time ago, a guy named John Arkleys used to work for me at Apple back in 1979. Those of you who ever had Arkleys scream at you on the phone, or you never yelled at him, know that the guy is the author of EDASM. He's an internal jock from the but you're afraid someone might ask you to? I'm kind of in that second category. I sort of know how and sort of done it but that's the last thing I'd do for a living, so I said, "I've got to get someone who knows what they're doing." Once upon a the door. Maybe you'll ship it, maybe Apple will ship it, whatever." I thought that sounded like a pretty neat idea. How many people here have programmed in assembly language? OK. How many people didn't raise your hand because you really do know how . I need some help. What I'll do for you is work something out. If you'll do it, or figure out how to do it, I'll take care of it. I'll give you source in Business Basic and we'll figure out something, once you get it going, on how to get the thing outd write programs in, and that's what I did. I said to Dan, "No way does that make any sense." Dan said, "Yeah, I think so too but I can't get anything going at Apple right now because we are too focussed on getting the damn system out the doores Applesoft. In 1979 when I first joined Apple and looked at Applesoft after having programmed on an HP and other kinds of mainframes, I refused to write code in that language until they fixed it and then Business Basic came out. I had a language I couly for the machine. Nobody is going to do BASIC, except we're going to jam Applesoft in ROM so that the old programs go on." I said, "You're kidding. You can do GS, you want BASIC, and you use Applesoft? Yeech!" Pardon me for offending anybody that likmachine and all that kind of stuff but all the programmers here are just incredibly hyped up on C. We've got a couple of guys who still remember assembly language and everything but everybody is really hot on C. There's not going to be a Pascal apparentlf those companies, Dan Cochrane, he said Apple needed a manager of languages and utilities parts management. We got together, actually I think Don Williams had sent him to me, and he said, "You know we're going to do this GS thing, and it's really a neat arted thinking. At that point we started working very heavily with Apple Product Management. A guy named Dave Ives, who you may know from a book on "Inside A-16". One of the authors of the assembler, of the original version anyway, of what's now the H &