LnSOS BOOT 1.1 SOS.KERNEL SOS KRNLI/O ERRORFILE 'SOS.KERNEL' NOT FOUND%INVALID KERNEL FILE: xةw,@  ȱlmi8#)!) /// /// /// /// /// /// /// /// /// /// /// /// /// /// /// /// SIG, Washington Apple Pi 12022 Parklawn Drive Rockville, MD. 20852 (301)-984-030)PRINT.ALL O-READ.ME.FIRST-OU(/.*SOS.INTERP 4ke۲.! *SOS.KERNEL @,V۲.!a/A3.INTERNET.FAQ$O J,TELECOM.INFOL۲INET.HISTORYUU%SEG.T j0Ÿ/ III.INT.011.02AuU' DISKNAME.DAT ۲/OFLASHNAME.DATH۲/%*HELLO.TEXTZOHELLO ۲-/ *MENU.MAKER |O*SOS.DRIVER l >dLԡm#i㰼m#iЕOLԡȱfg hi !dLԡ憦  Ljmkm l y`2 Lԡ8(Je稽)ʈ@L0 WELCOME! WAP /// SIG Public Domain Library Disk Category/Number: Telecommunications/3INET.01 Disk Format: Self-booting (Both Sides) This is the first in a series o }CONV&CONV$CONV%LEFT$RIGHT$MID$INSTR>=<^/*-+NEXT WITHOUT FOSYNTARETURN WITHOUT GOSUOUT OF DATILLEGAL QUANTITOVERFLOOUT OF MEMORUNDEF'D STATEMENBAD SUBSCRIPRANGINVOKSTACK OVERFLOREDIM'D ARRADIVISION BY ZERILLEGAL DIRECTYPE MISMATNDEELSCONLISCLEAGENETABTSPCUSINTHEAMOSTEANOEXTENSIODIAFNOAAAAAAAAAAAAAASGNINTABSATYPRECAAAAAAAAAAPDLBUTTONSQRRNDLOGEXPCOSSINTANATNAAAAAAAAAAAASTR$HEX$CHR$LENVALASCTENAACONVOERRLIERKBEOTIMEDATEPREFIXEXFNEXFN%OUTREINDENAAAAAAAPOHOMA SUB$OFTRACNOTRACNORMAINVERSSCALERESUMALEGOTIRESTORSWAGOSURETURRESTOOALOASAVDELETRURENAMLOCUNLOCCREATEXECHAIAAACATALOAADATIMAGCADEAPRIssssssssss\3!z~IssssssssssssIG%ӓ,ssևwn7}|tttUUZ{fzxxˆU膅[L<^ENFONEXINPUOUTPUDIREAWRITOPECLOSATEXABYAAAAAWINDOINVOKPERFORAAFRHPOVP̠Ώ h:gpOn[n٧s]ds3issssssss0b>&dsjs|T}|s[  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>ŭ᭭򭭪𭭠򠭠頭퀠Šӳ頠𠠀𠠠堠젭ӠΠSOS NTRPRHeLZĠР쁭堠堠ՠP򠭠έ魭HER SUBROUTINEnSLOW=110xFLASH/2=FLASH/2):۴ =11:=07 FLASH$ SLOW FLASH:".d1/Menu.Maker"5 WAP /// SIG HELLO PROGRAM. UPDATED 4/12/89 DGO :#1,".D1/hello.text" ž#170 (#1;ERIN$ 2ERIN$<40F#1/P=23:=25:"PRESS ANY KEY TO CONTINUE.":G$U-Z#2,".D1/FLASHNAME.DAT":#2;FLASH$:#2%dFLASH=110: FLASith the outside world. You'll also find the Apple /// Internet FAQ - a wonderful Q and A session about how to use your Sara on the Internet. Side Two has the Interp version of Access ///. It was a never-released upgrade of this venerable A3 f disks we call the "Internet Starter Kit" for the Apple ///. It includes the software you'll need to surf the Internet, and additional information. 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( 9EKQWbmz`(" ((è%È`2ȭ3`1`d`c`+È`&È` & IMk`4`5`6`7`8`9`<ȭ=` & @jI`:ȭpȭqéL ==L: ,lCL <=L: <,n)LL8 L8 u:L8 ;)ߍ;j`; ;j`uBL8 uCL8 u)u;) u;L8    x) `(,  LuL-upp<`uqq=L: vuL L L #1:CY` 9C<m><=m@=>@?AL8 >m<>@m=@<=L8 <m>?=m@AL8 C9L8 ; ;k`;);k`,@`<,m p<L<`<p<`,ms<L=q=L: ,lXґȥӑ,10 h0  `,g0L  ҅ӥĥŰ+,0p 4 Ls  Ls i )"|tȌs|st HH` MjH,: <J h̰ <rh,oL`%CYgu9 Ln90$0%,7 ҥ L$0T,8OK50P;ҥ,8 L%\   8҅¥Ӆé҅L,5,6  & @jIH,5 p  He҅Ґhe…å逅h,23Lhʩd8,h)ec efeede`,5 H  h 4  `5!    4(P 4 4  `,g0L,10kH0 ԥ f0)ĭ9)9҅xh(ĥŐL i,1HȊ©L,52,9-P" a{) b) )ab)a a,h0& &+%a0 +hcefd(c,@cfabdf`cnx  (,4h`dd,9P"<:J H) +̰ H) +ʭcP h̰BTVSPLH   5"ʘ HH` (# (=  0`)aIٮ@8pذ `$0"8,:Jک@ׅפ؈۩MjL,:08*Ȅ B ,:J}΅н(I I $0;P̑бʑΈ,:JՐ̑ʈ0 Ցʭr̈A萠L: ֦ڱΑ0Б֤ h L  p,:0 JfiΥiώJe΅Хiю@ B $p̑бʑΈ0 Б̱ΑʈeمΐeمАA萿 :  `ʝ"`t  !#%')~? 3) WHAT HOST SHOULD I USE? 4) WHAT KINDS OF INTERNET SERVICES CAN I ACCESS THROUGH A UNIX HOST ON MY ///? 5) HOW MUCH SHOULD IT COST? 6) HOW DO I TRANSFER INFORMATION FROM THE INTERNET TO MY ///? 7) WHAT ACCESS /// AND HOST TERMINAL SETTINGS APPLE /// INTERNET FAQ by Jeff Marraccini, System Administrator, the OAK Repository (oak.oakland.edu) Edited by Dave Ottalini; WAP /// SIG (Dave.Ottalini@tcs.wap.org) Version: 1.0 October, 1995 CONTENTS 1) INTRODUCTION 2) WHAT ABOUT PPP AND MOSAIC telecom program. Powerful, but takes work to learn. Complete docs are included. 8fofo7,T0*,V-x ) V)(LU Kh,RSL@pȥȑ`,Q0LmEąĩEŅ Km`l KL 8fol,Q0L HHGH`! (NOo}`\" (x\ HH` (# ( (Q`,Q$ ()PJK % "]RSiTU Q`% (QLl Xx )(JK `,Q0LpEąĩEŅ|o,i0prH (+@EIR[ty} NQI(C) Apple Computer 1981, 1982, 1983. Built-in Serial Port RS-232 Driver._r.RS232 c "߄P(C) Apple Computer Inc. 1983L     ! ( 0 7 I N S _  . G R Y f {    ! $ 4 9 F I P S V \ a h m p s x |     ' + < ? D G N U f k p x ?BEJMRUX]`h  2;AGMS[fot|              . 3 6 9 < ? B E H N S V \ _ b w  KORY\aelpu !$(+.147<?BFILORUX]`finsw| !%*/369<+;CNU\eh "*-036<BLORX_fj &+38;?DGLTot <?BGLQgjox',/25:BGSHOULD I USE? 8) WHY USE THE /// FOR INTERNET ACCESS? 9) WHERE DO I FIND ACCESS /// OR THE COMMUNICATIONS MANAGER? 10) CLOSE: SURFIN THE NET 1) Introduction With the huge amount of media attention given to the Internet, it's sometimes difficult to sornsfer. For transferring files from other Internet hosts (including the popular names.wvu.edu Apple /// site) the ftp program is a staple. It has a cousin that is a bit more friendly to use, ncftp. Both are text-based and work under any Apple /// communist on my ///? On a typical Unix Internet host, you'll find the following tools: A) Electronic mail. The elm and pine programs are very popular. They are text-based programs and work well with Apple Access /// in ANSI emulation (see below.) B) File traities, if you use a non-Unix system to gain access to the Internet it's best to check with the system management staff to find out which text-based Internet applications are supported. 4) What Kinds of Internet Services Can I Access through a Unix Hoitionally integrated well into the Internet, and plenty of text-based Internet software is available on these hosts to enable your Apple /// to become a powerful Internet surfer. Other types of hosts running other operating systems may have similar capabilnt terminal and dial up an Internet host, the lack of TCP/IP no longer is a problem. The /// has full access to the Internet using the host as an intermediary. The world's most popular Internet hosts are still Unix computer systems. Unix systems have trading set of protocols that Internet services, including electronic mail, the World Wide Web, and other services are based on. Internet hosts (and alas, those three-letter computers) speak TCP/IP to each other. Yet, if you use the Apple /// as an intelliged I Use? Even though we've dismissed Mosaic and graphics, the Apple /// still is missing a few pieces of critical software. The most important is the lack of a TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) suite for SOS. TCP/IP is the underly as mentioned above, even the Web seems to be most useful with graphics turned off, at least when using slower modem connections! So, what's all the hoopla? Apple ///'s do a terrific job with text-based applications. Who needs Mosaic?! 3) What Host Shouln if they have the latest three-letter computer. Most users I've worked with quickly end up disabling graphics most of the time to keep performance up as they access the World Wide Web. Other than the Web, most other Internet services are text based, ander system) with address space in the megabytes. Yet, if you poll users that have Internet access in their homes (using modems) you'll find that most users end up getting frustrated by the long delays endemic in bringing down these graphics-rich pages, eve//. For one, most of these tools have been written, for good or ill, for computers with large memory address spaces. While the Apple /// can take us to 512 kilobytes of memory, today's graphics-rich World Wide Web pages need a browser program (and computo Point Protocol, a popular method used to connect personal computers and small computer networks to the Internet over a modem, ISDN, or leased-line connection) or popular Internet navigation software such as Netscape or Mosaic will ever run on the Apple /d in bringing the Internet to thousands of users, I can safely say that there ARE gems out there, and your Apple /// (with a bit of help from a host system) can find them for you. 2) But what about PPP? What about Mosaic? It's doubtful that PPP (Point tt through the endless articles about the latest new nifty Web page, X Corporation's latest electronic mail/groupware package for that three-letter computer, etc. to find the gem that will help us really improve our lives. Yet, as one of the people involvecations program. C) World Wide Web. Sorry, you cannot run Mosaic through the Apple ///. However, the lynx program can handle any World Wide Web page, is text-based, and is very fast. Suggest using lynx under Access /// in ANSI emulation mode. Sometimes lynx will display a garbled screen: press Control-L to ask lynx to erase and re-display it. D) The Usenet. Several text-based Usenet readers are available. The author's favorite is nn, short for "No News is good news." Other alternatives include tin, ron needs to be typed in to maintain a large Internet system such as oak.oakland.edu, the ///'s excellent keyboard is a perfect match for massive typing sessions. In addition, the ///'s terminal emulation is adequate to the task of handling electronic maily the default. 8) Why use the /// for Internet access? The /// makes an excellent smart terminal for Internet host access and maintenance. The author uses his /// to help maintain the oak.oakland.edu archive site. Since an extensive amount of informatiess /// to ensure that the modem does not get too far ahead of the Apple ///. It prevents garbled screens and dropped characters. Internet host Terminal type is set to vt100. On hosts that don't prompt for a terminal type, vt100 is usualleypad, Normal Cursor Keys, No wraparound, Standard character set, Speed 9600, Parity None Modem (I use a USR Sportster V.32 14.4Kbps modem) AT &H2 &I2 The above command string should not be used with Xmodem ///. It is only useful with Acc Should I Use? The author uses the following Access ///, modem, and host terminal settings when surfing the Internet: Access ///: Set ANSI mode, Do NOT send LF after CR, 8 bits per character, Enable XON/XOFF, Normal Video, Full Duplex, Normal K support Xmodem downloading and uploading capability. Often the sx and rx commands handle sending and receiving files via Xmodem, respectively. If not, check with the system managers for the correct command. 7) What Access /// and Host terminal Settingsloaded, the author will disconnect from his Internet host, switch to Xmodem /// using BOS, and begin a downloading frenzy after re-connecting to his Internet host. When the files are all safely on the ProFile, it's time to return to Access ///. Most hosts except simple text files. It may be necessary to switch to another communications program such as Xmodem /// when file downloads are necessary. The author prefers to use Access /// most of the time. After gathering a number of files that need to be down from other Internet systems, you will still need to download the files to your Apple ///'s diskette drives, ProFile, or hard disk. Unfortunately, one of the best communications programs for the Apple /// (Access ///) lacks the ability to download anythingo you. However, most of the actual work of bringing Internet information to you is being off-loaded to the host system. 6) How do I transfer information from the Internet to my ///? The Internet host system acts as an intermediary. When you access filesly have the same capabilities as any other Internet host. While you are connected to the host, the normal Apple /// abilities of capturing or printing information, switching programs, and the extraordinarily comfortable keyboard of the /// are available t Communications Manager, you call into their host and begin using the programs above in any combination to explore the Internet. In some areas popular systems known as FreeNets are available. These offer free, text-based access to the Internet and generalice for similar prices can be found in most places in the world. Normally called "shell" access, an Internet provider generates an account for you on their host(s). Then, using the Apple ///, a modem, and a communications program such as Access /// or Then, and trn. Each has a slightly different user interface. nn is Apple /// friendly and works well under Access ///. 5) How Much Should It Cost? In most areas of the United States Internet host access is available for under $20.00 a month. Similar serv and other text-based Internet applications. 9) Where Can I Get Access /// or The Communications Manager? Access /// is available at minimum cost from Washington Apple Pi, 12022 Parklawn Dr.; Rockville, MD. 20852. Its phone number is: (301)-984-0300. The Communications Manager (which has XModem protocol) is available from On Three: Write to: Joe Consorti Apple /// Products, 6303 Green Garden Drive, Bakersfield, California 93313. Telephone is: 1-805-397-6118. 10) Close: Surfin' with the /// Using the toB$(I);v:520: 500THPOS=4:I/2=I/2)I=I-1I=IBOTM THPOS=44:I/2<>I/2)I=I+1I2=-1:I=I-2:IBOTM<30THPOS=44I=IBOTM/2)*2:=+IBOTM/2)-1:CA)"PRINT.ALL": OA+P 3HA=(81+UCA)A=(81+LCA):::: OA+Q Quits 3IA=(83+LCA)A=(83+UCA)"PRINT.SHOW": OA+S 2JA=(68+LCA)A=(68+UCA)/Screen.Savers/HELLON=THPOS:B$(I);XA<8A>11540bA-7640,660,690,720l:=THPOS:ٺ1600 =Q:WW=0A=:A=21A=9&oldprefix$=40A=31410: Control C "aborts" program to Basic(:A=13770: Return Selects a file *DA=27:50: Escape to change disks/FA=324000: back out one directory level 3GA=(80+UCA)A=(80+L"BASIC 0":150A$="TEXT 0":150A$="CAT 0":150A$="FONT 0":150A$="FOTO 0":150A$(L),"BLOCKS")510*=27:=19:"FREE MEMORY AVAILABLE: ";=7:=20:"80C";A$(L);$:=5:THPOS=4:I=1:IBOTM=J-1:620Q=:=26:=21:sic; +Q Quits."r12);::"80C";a$;:+w#9,"DISKNAME.DAT":#9;DISKNAME$:#9|d$=DISKNAME$$=23:=0::"80C";d$;::12)201M=3:=14:"This /// SIG Disk is \^ 19";Р,2)", Washington Apple `, Ltd."=4:B$(1)="":B$(2)=""A$=16,B) THEN 240 #1, d$="":=10:"80C";d$ ž#1300I=0"I=I+1:#1;A$(I):290,#1 6L=I-1@j=1:same=0 J:SEG=0 Tœ2030^CT<1CT=1cCT>13000Zha$="{,|,~,}; selects; to new disk; J/2)=4:=+1:ۙ=44B$(J);:J=J+1I:1,180,22:2,280,21:2,2380,23:8A$(1000),B$(1000),C%(511),C$(20),name$(20):=10:=0UCA=128:LCA=UCA+32CT=15 IF PREFIX$= PREFIX$+MID$(B$(I),VOLUME NAME (/DISKNAME) OR DEVICE NAME (.Dx)"P12);::"80C";a$;:Zb$="CHANGING DISKS"$d=23:=0::"80C";b$;::12).n=12:=20:"MAKE A NEW MENU FOR DISK: ";N$xN$)<2110=N$ :210 I=1L(A$(I),A$))200B$0 WAP /// SIG MENU.MAKER PROGRAM (v. 6.2) =".D1"210: Coldstart (320: Warmstart &*X=11000: TEXT SLOW-DOWN LOOP ,X.1 CHANGE DISK SUBROUTINE23œ202:2200<RFa$=" YOU MAY SELECT YOUR DISK BY ou haven't tried it yet, give it a go! -- Jeff Marraccini Network Projects Manager Oakland University http://www.acs.oakland.edu/~jeff/ ols mentioned above, Internet access via the /// is both viable and enjoyable. The lack of graphics seldom is a barrier. The /// and its communications software is definitely equal to the task of accessing an Internet host to "surf the Internet", so if y0=+IBOTM/2-.5):I=IBOTM:I/2=I/2)I=I-1 œ2120B=B$(I),16)," ")-1 B$(I),"BASIC 0")850B$(I),"TEXT 0")890 B$(I),"CAT 0")1140*B$(I),"FONT 0")18504B$(I),"FOTO 0")1930>B$(I),"PASTXT 0")2070H540R\A$="RUNNING "+B$(I),16,B)f"79C";A$;:=0pB$(I),16,B) z::SEG=1".D1/SEG.T"t=+B$(I),16,B) yCT=CT+1~240:=24:=0:"@ ..... "DATE.TIME.LINE" ....JM=Ҡ,4,2))BTM1630,1640,1650,ž#1740#1;A$:A$)<4710A$,3,4)="TEXT"X=X+1710 :X>YN=P::7);"There are no text files in the ";34);D$;34);" directory." ::I=P::7);"Unable to locate and open ";34);D$;34);" directory." ::IT$=N$,E,1):T$=" "T$=","610XE=E+1:E>N$)610:590bD$=N$,S,E-S)l:v:E>S+1600:D$="": œ770P=3:"Looking for ";34);D$;34);" directory." #1,D$=P3:"Reading from ";34);D$;34);" directory." I>X200300S=1:D=1:B=1570D$=""500 Y=X:S=ED$(D)=D$:640 X=Y440D=D+1:S=E:440D=D-1:X=0F$(X):X=0 J=1D D$=D$(J)790&J0 :œ6303DE=S+1:N$,S,1)=" "N$,S,1)=","S=S+1:580%Nž#2390 ^1000c: h#2;a$ma$rY=1150:Y0wB=B+1: Count the number of lines printed xB=15B=30355yB=60#3;12)zB=60B=1 {#3;a$|360B<=20#3;13)::410#3;12):Z=11000:ZI I=3d: PRINTER V. 1.0 ::=2::"PRINT.ALL v. 1.0":3=4:"Directory Name(s) or return to quit: ";n$N$)=0::"MENU.MAKER"430 X>0260I=11000:I:200: ,I=1X 14000 6#2,F$(I)@#3,".PRINTER" Ja$,1)="/"5060:s=s-1 5030=a$240 MENU.MAKER 6.2 * Thanks to C.M.Davidson for his help!l; G$:::320H: Error Routine 202:U=11:"79C";"BAD PATH ERROR (NO DISK IN DISK DRIVE OR DESIRED FILE NOT FOUND.)"X=11000:X:::210Z a$="{,|,~,}; selects; back 1 leve 1600 &:WW=1:0 :SEG=1;".D1/SEG.F" SEG=1".D1/SEG.G"diskname$=3802  CATCH PASCAL TEXT FILES 202 :F*=08:"78C";"SORRY BUT MENU.MAKER CAN'T READ PASCAL TEXT FILES."04=10:"7M$="NOVEMBER":1750M$="DECEMBER":1750826);"-";M$;" ";Ѡ,2));", ";"19";Р,2);" ";/П,2))=>13П,2))-12;џ,6);:1780$П,2))=0"12";џ,6);:ٟ;$П,2))=>12" PM-":" AM-" 1830WW=1530 =26:=211660,1670,1680,1690,1700,1710,1720,1730,1740^M$="JANUARY":1750hM$="FEBRUARY":1750rM$="MARCH":1750|M$="APRIL":1750M$="MAY":1750M$="JUNE":1750M$="JULY":1750M$="AUGUST":1750M$="SEPTEMBER":1750M$="OCTOBER":1750#1,D$::"Processing directory ";34);D$;34);", please wait."; ž#1880*#1;A$:A$)<48104A$,3,4)<>"TEXT"810>X=X+1:".";HE=15:F$=A$,16,15)RF$,E,1)=" "E=E-1:850\F$(X)=D$+"/"+F$,E)f810p:  Pausep$ 900A$="PRINTING"+F$(I):$=01:=0::"80C";A$;::12)F=23:=0::"79C";"PRESS ANY KEY TO HALT PRINTING"::2,280,21 2000*:=23:=0::"79C";"CONTINUE...?":1C$:C$<>"Y"C$<>"y"C$<>"N"C$<>"n"History of the Internet By Bruce Sterling bruces@well.sf.ca.us Literary Freeware -- Not for Commercial Use -- Distribute Freely but do not sell From: THE! F&SF Science Column #5 "Internet" Some thirty years ago, the RAND Corporation, America's fo omplete documentation on using this program. ogram. about telecommunications on the ///. SIDE TWO Access /// Interp : Self-booting telecom program that includes VT100 terminal emulation, as mentioned in the A3 Internet FAQ file. ACCESS3.DOC : Cequently Asked Questions") file. SIDE ONE READ.ME.FIRST : What you'll find on this disk. A3.INTERNET.FAQ : Frequently Asked Questions about using your Apple /// on the Internet TELECOM.INFO : A super tutorial e entire Apple II family! Dave Ottalini WAP /// SIG DISK 3INET.01 This disk contains the software you'll need to surf the Internet. It also includes some basic information about telecomputing on your /// and the world-famous Apple /// Internet FAQ ("Freed. These disks are a work in progress - please let us know how we can improve them for you. IF you would like to contribute more to them, or make some adjustements here and there, please let us know. We want these disks to be a wonderful resource to ths the Macs and PCs can do these days with their Web Surfers, etc. BUT computers were accessing the Internet for years before these latest software goodies ever showed up. And besides - you don't need the memory or special software that the newer machines nfor you about the Internet and how you can use it with your Appe II or /// computer. That's right - literally ALL Apple IIs - from the Plus on up to the GS and any version of the /// - can and do have the ability to surf the Internet. It's not as pretty a APPLE II FAMLY INTERNET STARTER'S KIT Compiled by: David Ottalini WAP /// SIG Co-Chairman September/October 1995 Welcome to the WAP Apple Family Internet Starter Kit! We've attempted to compile literally a ton of information 2010C$="N"C$="n"200;:=23:=0::"79C";"PRESS ANY KEY TO HALT LISTING": 20002,280,21 DF$(I)=D$+"/DISKNAME.DAT"F$(I)=D$+"/FLASHNAME.DAT"410:ۺ310 PRINTER v 1.0 remost Cold War think-tank, faced a strange strategic problem. How could the US authorities successfully communicate after a nuclear war? Postnuclear America would need a command-and-control network, linked from city to city, state to state, base to base. But no matter how thoroughly that network was armored or protected, its switches and wiring would always be vulnerable to the impact of atomic bombs. A nuclear attack would reduce any conceivable network to tatters. And how would the network itself bempuServe's MAUG (A3 Forum). We know it is not complete, and it may not be completely accurate. The base document was prepared by Al Bloom and Harry Baya. We hope the document will be added to by as many MAUG members as possible. If you have any question : July 10, 1995: Dave Ottalini & Al Bloom This document aims to provide basic information needed for data communi- cations on an Apple ///. It is the product of what we modestly think are some of the best and brightest data communicators on Co Apple /// Data Communications Essentials Al Bloom (76656,1514), Editor Original Date: June 13, 1989: Al Bloom and Harry Baya Revision Date: June 29, 1989: John Lomartire JOIN WAP /// SIG MEMBERS ON THE TCS! CALL THE WAP OFFICE FOR DETAILS. LS. INTERNET STARTERS KIT - DISK 1 e other specified destination node. Each packet would wind its way through the network on an individual basis. The particular route that the packet took would be unimportant. Only final results would count. Basically, the packet would be tossed like a to all other nodes, each node with its own authority to originate, pass, and receive messages. The messages themselves would be divided into packets, each packet separately addressed. Each packet would begin at some specified source node, and end at somto operate while in tatters.* The principles were simple. The network itself would be assumed to be unreliable at all times. It would be designed from the get-go to transcend its own unreliability. All the nodes in the network would be equal in statusry secrecy, and arrived at a daring solution. The RAND proposal (the brainchild of RAND staffer Paul Baran) was made public in 1964. In the first place, the network would *have no central authority.* Furthermore, it would be *designed from the beginning commanded and controlled? Any central authority, any network central citadel, would be an obvious and immediate target for an enemy missile. The center of the network would be the very first place to go. RAND mulled over this grim puzzle in deep militas or comments or suggestions for improvement or your own additions, please tell the editor. He will fix/add/expand as needed. This document is organized by sections. Section 1 deals with hardware, Section 2 deals with system software, Section 3 deals with applications software, Section 4 has general tips on using CompuServe, Section 5 deals with data file transfer, and Section 6 is a list of vendors. Those sections are further divided as follows: 1.0 Data Communications Hardware 1.xt to his house a couple years back. It entered the phone line, fried the modem, jumped to the computer and fried the mother board, then fried the hard disk. Ten or fifteen bucks for a modem spike protector is cheap insurance. There is nothing oap device known as a "modem spike protector." The ones I've seen plug into a grounded outlet and have in/out phone jacks. The modem line plugs into one side, and the line from the wall plate plugs into the other. Your editor had a lightning strike ne. It isn't very expensive (Most houses are pre-wired to accept two differ- ent phone numbers), and it can breed peace of mind. Nothing disturbs domestic tranquility like someone picking up an extension phone while you are on line. Also get a che call-in speed, but others cannot. CompuServe, for example, has different phone numbers for differenct baud rates.You don't want to call the former if your modem is fixed at 2400. Consider strongly getting a second phone line dedicated to your modemrges. Look for such features as "auto answer" that perks up your modem auto- matically when another computer calls in. Look for the ability to switch between 2400/9600 or higher speeds. Some computers you talk to can automatically adjust to theeds? Most /// com programs allow you to go as high as 9600 baud. The higher speeds are great for doing uploads and downloads, BUT not so good if you're trying to read messages on-line. Better to download them and read later, which you're not running up chau usually get what you pay for. The cheaper models have fewer features and often have less reliability. 2400 baud modems are cheap and work reliably on an Apple ///. So long as they are Hayes Compatable, you should have no problems. What about higher spe use Hayes brand or "Hayes compatible" modems. If you need help, you are best off getting what most folk have. Hayes compatibles vary in their compatibility. The Prometheus ProModem is a good low-cost highly compatible modem. With modems, yock to link your built in connector to your modem. 1.1 Modems Almost any "asynchronous" external modem will do. The Apple /// cannot generally use any "internal" modem, one that is contained on a card you plug into a slot. Most personal computer folkunications on an Apple ///. The system comes with an RS-232 serial port, the D-shaped 25-pin connec- tor on the back of the unit. For telephone line communications, you need no more than a ten buck ribbon connector from your friendly local Radio Shadown the exact settings (mainly from the modem and from communication pro- grams) used on the working system. There have been many times when I regretted that failure. 1.0 Data Communications Hardware You need little extra equipment for data commograms has often been one of frustration, patience, and on-going trial and error. When things don't work, I keep trying different solutions and asking for help until they do. When they did work, I sometimes took things for granted and failed to write /// 4.0 CompuServe Tips and Techniques 5.0 Data File Transfer 6.0 Vendors One of the original authors, Harry Baya, would like to share an overall observation: My experience with RS232 communications, including modems, cables, and communication pr1 Modems 1.2 Cables 1.3 Interface Cards 2.0 Data Communications Setup 3.0 Data Communications Programs 3.1 Access /// 3.2 The Communications Manager 3.3 EasyTerm /// 3.4 Kermit /// 3.5 Terminall 3.6 XModemdd about the Apple /// that requires a particular modem. Modems that work with other computers will probably work with the Apple ///. However, some modems have switches that must be set in a particular way in order to work with an Apple ///. I recommend that you first try to use the modem the way it is. If it works, copy down how the switches are setup. It may or may not matter, but -- if it does matter -- it's awfully nice to have a written record of what works. The MultiTech modem I t real good for data communications because of the card's DIP switches. It is a real bore to pop your ///'s lid and flip switches on the card when you want to talk to a different computer. The SC3 does not have that limitation, but it needs a speciterface Cards The Apple ///'s built-in serial port is not the only thing available for data communications. The Apple II Super Serial Card (or clone) and the Apple Serial Card /// provide extra serial communications ports. The Apple II SSC is noeliminator is bunches cheaper than two modems. Null modems and gender menders and adapters look a whole bunch alike. Do not confuse them or you will have a true failure to communicate. If you have a selection of these cables, label each one. 1.3 In. The pins are set up that way. If you don't have a modem between the two computers, you need to re-define the pins. A modem eliminator switches a couple pins so that both computers think they are talking through modems. A ten buck modem n buying a new cable. If you want to communicate directly from your Apple /// to another com- puter in the same room, you need a special cable called a null modem or a modem eliminator. The RS-232 port on each machine thinks it is talk- ing to a modema "D" shaped socket. Your spouse will giggle at you. Your dog will shun you. If you already have an RS232 cable that is mis-plugged, you can buy adaptors or "gender menders" at places like Radio Shack. These may be marginally less expensive tha to plug a female cable connector into a female RS232 port. You will feel dumber trying to plug a DIN-8 connector into a DB-25 socket. You will feel even dumber if you try to force fit the long side of a "D" shaped plug over the short side of the cable's plugs fit your RS232 connectors at the computer end and at the modem end. IBM PC's and XT's and the like come with male/female connectors because the computer serial port plug is male. The ///'s plug is female. You will feel dumb trying those pins. If you happen to get a cable that connects all the pins, it will probably work fine. However, a cable with all 25 pins wired is sure to work. There are some minimal concerns related to connecting the cable to your equipment. Make sure quickly, it IS nice to have. 1.2 Cables In the realm of cabling, what you want is a straight RS232 modem cable. A modem cable is simply a straight pin to pin cable, nothing fancy. The modem only uses a few of the pins, so some cables only connecte switches until the characters appear. Dave O. uses a Zoom 14,400 modem, which can be set in software to lower speeds. It is more than the /// really needs, especially since none of our com programs have setting higher than 9600. BUT for uploading files above is the de- fault, I flip it to the opposite position for the Apple ///. Using ACCESS /// I can tell if the modem is set up right by noticing whether the characters I type are shown on the screen as I type them. If not, I change th switches are: (1) Switch #8: Ignore RS-232 DTR line, TR light always on The above is the "standard" setting, I flip it to the other position to use the modem with the Apple ///. (2) Switch #10: Response to Carrier Detect Thehave seems to work with the Apple /// communi- cation programs using standard modem switch settings. The ADC modem I have, on the other hand, will not work with the Apple /// until I alter two of the switches to be the opposite of standard. The two al driver for data communications. Most Apple /// data communications programs assume you will be talking through the built-in RS-232 port. You are best off using the built-in port for data communications, and using slot cards for other "serial" devices like printers. 2.0 Data Communications Setup Setting up your Apple /// for data communications involves an Apple /// "driver" file that must be installed in your boot disk's SOS.DRIVER file. In the general case, you need never set or change tnly uses 11 -- 0 through B. There is a section on "Changing the Configuration Block" in the RS232 section of the Device Drivers Manual. I found it a little confusing. In most cases the communication program you use will override those set- tings ituration Block Data. If you choose to edit that item you will see a line with 16 values numbered from 0 to F. For those of you who don't speak hexadecimal, "F" is the number 15. A driver may not use all 16 values. The .RS232 driver we're discussing o2" driver you will see a screen of information about this driver. Item #4 on this list is "Driver Status" and it should say ACTIVE. If it says INACTIVE, then that driver is ignored. You can change it to ACTIVE if need be. Item #6 is the Configt to discuss the other 5 times in 100. The Apple /// Standard Device Drivers Manual has a section on the RS232 driver which may be of interest to you. If you find your way to the main SCP menu and choose to "E-Edit" Driver Parameters for the ".RS23iguration Program (SCP)" option. You read in the SOS.DRIVER file from the boot disk. One of the drivers should be named ".RS232 ". If it is in the list, you have the driver. And 95 times in 100 that is all you need to know. However, it won't hur information the Apple /// uses to talk to things like the printer and the RS232 port that you probably use for your modem. You can see what drivers are in- stalled in that file via the Apple /// Systems Utilities program, using the "S -System Confably override. Yes you can use it. No, please don't. Do you have an Apple /// RS232 driver on my Boot disk? Well you proba- bly do, but there is a way to find out. The boot disk you use will have a file on it called SOS.DRIVER and that file contains ound on several public domain "driver" disks avail- able from user groups, often with the name SUPER.SERIAL.DRIVER. It works for data communications after a fashion. The big drawback is that the SSC has physical switches that the driver can not reli the standard. The Apple II Super Serial Card (or one of the cheaper clones) does not come with any Apple /// driver. Gee, what a surprise. Apple wrote SERIAL.X.DRIVER in 1982 as a stopgap until the real SC3 came available. The driver may be f data comm programs will probably not recognize it. There may be a data comm program that does not require ".RS232" as the driver name, but I don't know of any. You will also have to tell SCP what slot your card is in. See? We told you to stay withpecially put the data comm driver into SOS.DRIVER of every boot disk you use for data comm. And remove the probably-existing .RS232 driver pointing to the built-in se- rial port. You will also probably have to change the driver's name to .RS232, orport. It is the standard, and we really recommend you use it. The Apple Serial Card /// comes with two drivers, one to drive a printer and one to drive a modem. If you feel you must use an SC3 for data com- munications, know that you will have to sfiguration Program" (SCP) to install the driver in your boot disk, and then forget it. The .RS232 driver comes with Apple /// system software and on every data comm program's boot disk. It is keyed to communicating through the ///'s built-in serial he data comm driver's parameters (the subject of some truly arcane pages in the Standard Device Drivers manual). Most data comm programs have commands to set and change the driver parms themselves. Use the System Utilities Program's "System Con cares about so you can ignore this data. However, I had to play with them once in order to get a Pascal program to communicate at 9600 baud. The Configuration Block values are initially set as follows: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 06 22 00 00 00 00 13 11 DF 84 50 00 ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] +--> Hdwr handshake = OFF ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] +-----> Data block len = 80 char ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] +-actually use to make your Ap- ple /// talk to other computers. If you want to do no more than chat back and forth as a dumb terminal, you can set up Business BASIC (or Ap- ple II emulation) to open your .RS232 driver (or logical communications card slpeed and settings you call in at. You can tell by the re- quirement to press RETURN a couple times at log-on. That usually means the receiving modem is adjusting to you. 3.0 Data Communications Programs Data comm programs are the things that you s can makes it hard to compare set- tings. Networks and bulletin boards publish the settings to use and may have different telephone numbers for different baud rates. Some bulletin boards use "smart" modems that automatically adjust to whatever same bits-per-character etc. You can't check this stuff too closely. It is especially confusing when communicating between two different kinds of machines. This is due, it seems to me, to using two completely differ- ent communications programs. Thiettings to its wishes. You must have the same settings on the communication programs on both ends of the line. For example, If you are using 9600 baud on one end, then you should NOT have the other end set up for 1200. Similarly you want to use the s same speed with the same inflection and have common ground for knowing when to talk and when to listen. The computer yours is talking to is probably a big mainframe. It is bigger and meaner than yours, so you must adapt your communications s32 from the "extra" file when that program is in- voked. Whatever software driver you use, its main purpose is to communicate be- tween your computer and the computer at the other end of the wire. The two computers must speak the same language at the file -- with one exception. Version 2 of Catalyst has a separate SOS.DRIVER in the hard disk's CATALYST directory that may be added (the EXTRA DRIVERS part of a Catalyst item's menu entry. If you need .RS232 only for one pro- gram, you can get .RS2 on another. You need it on the disk you boot the system with to use the communication program. If you are booting with a single "hard disk program selector" like Catalyst or Selector ///, the .RS232 driver must be in that single boot disk's SOS.DRIVERwill do the settings for you -- the OPENAPPLE-S menus in Access /// and The Communications Manager and XModem ///, the SETRS232 command in Kermit ///, etc. Also, though it may seem obvious, the .RS232 driver could be on one bootable disk and not -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0A 00 00 00 00 80 13 11 DF 84 xx 00 Remember, with almost all Apple /// data communications programs, it does not matter what the .RS232 driver's Configuration Block looks like. Your data comm program he "factory" settings are pretty much useless these days. More common is 2400 baud speed, 8-bit no parity data format, XON/XOF control. Con- figuration block settings for that setup looks like this: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F ---------> Control protocol = None ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] +--> Form feed delay = None ] ] ] +-----> Line feed delay = None ] ] +--------> RETURN delay = None ] ] ] +--> Data format = 7 bits, odd parity +-----> Baud rate = 300 baud T-------> Min buffer lev = 132 char ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] +-----------> Max buffer lev = 223 char ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] +----> Control character 2 = XON ] ] ] ] ] ] +-------> Control character 1 = XOF ] ] ] ] ] +---ot), and you'll be directly hooked to your modem to yak all you want. Cheap. Absolutely no one in his or her right mind does that. Al Bloom has done it. Just to prove it can be done, mind you. If a data comm program can't do more than turn your Apple /// into what is called a dumb ASCII terminal, that program is useless. You have a powerful computer in your hands, and a data comm program must minimally recognize that power. It should at least let you send (upload) and re- ceive (download) the "script" feature. Even having all the manuals does not guarantee success. Data comm programs traditionally have the worst con- ceivable user documentation. No, we don't know why. You will probably need help. That's why we have experts on CompuSerpple's 1.1 version did not come with a new manual, just an "Apple Tech Notes" (750.990 dated August 25, 1982) addendum detailing the enhancements from version 1.0. The interpreter came with another addendum, this one on disk and dealing only with t script an entire session if you always do the same things. Access ///'s major problem is that its documentation has not been com- pletely in a single source since its original incarnation. The "SDS" version (1.0) came with a spiral bound manual. Aess ///'s other major feature is its "scripting" capability (3.2x only). You can write a script that will automatically dial your modem and log on to your favorite host service. And more. Access ///'s script language is powerful. You canportant. Depending on the host computer, generic terminals can be limited to "line mode" com- munications or can be forbidden access. If you need VT-100 emulation, Access /// is the only Apple /// data communications program that will serve. Acc has two major features. Its emulation of a DEC VT-100 termi- nal is complete and seamless. Many mainframe or minicomputer systems permit VT-100 terminals to operate in "full screen" mode. A data commu- nication program's terminal emulation can be imof Pascal you were running. The BASIC version was OK. Release 3.2x obviates the interpreter problem by being an interpreter in its own right. It doesn't run under any lan- guage system, so it launches like a rabbit and runs quickly. Access ///ext (and last) version was 3.2x -- the Access /// Interpreter -- in 1984. Access /// 1.0 came in versions that could be invoked from the BASIC or the Pascal interpreters. Release 1.1 was similar, and it had major problems depending on what version Apple /// data communications programs. It began life as an "other vendor supplied" Special Delivery Software product in 1981. Apple was not long in taking Access /// to its own bosom. August 1982's Version 1.1 was a purely Apple product. The nhs and weaknesses. If possible, we'll tell you how to get each program, and we'll list one or more CompuServe folk who know enough about the program to maybe be able to answer your questions. 3.1 Access /// Access /// was the first of thephics, spread sheets, other neat stuff that you as a human cannot read when looking at a file in Apple Writer but would like to transfer anyway. In this section we'll discuss the known Apple /// data comm programs. We'll tell you each programs strengt receive (1) critical text data that you don't want garbled -- by a thermonuclear burst or normal telephone line crackles or your spouse picking up an extension phone while you're on line, or (2) any kind of non-text data -- executable programs, graoes not emulate a specific terminal, or one that emulates a dumb ASCII terminal, is not the same as being a dumb terminal. It may still offer file transfer and session logging. Also look for "error free file transfer protocols" that let you send andext files and offer the ability to "capture" ("log" and "record" are synonyms) a data comm session. Other feature to look for are "terminal emulation" if the computer you want to talk to has benefits for particular terminal types. A program that dve. Access /// supports no error free file transfer protocol. It can only transfer text (human readable) data between your Apple /// and another computer. It can not transfer executable programs or graphics files. The basic version of Access ///, along with its Interpreter version from WAP (Washington Apple Pi) for $1.50 (members price. $3.00 for non- members). Consulting: Al Bloom (76656,1514) 3.2 The Communications Manager The Communications Manager (TCM) is the only commercial Apple ///s (VT-52 option) can't use. If you change from Access /// to the Communications Manager, also tell CIS that you no longer have a VT-100. TCM emulates a dumb VT-52 terminal. The special VT-100 control sequences show up on a TCM screen as garbage. So or "download" stuff. If you have Access ///, you should tell CIS -- in your user profiles -- that you are using a VT-100 terminal. That's ANSI mode on your Access /// setup menu. That gives you some nice screen formatting that dumb ASCII terminal to set tabs (Access /// and The Communications Manager do) set them before doing anything else. They don't have to be set to anything special, but they do have to be set. Otherwise, you will see some very strange output from CIS when you "record"e- leased XM3 to the public domain in 1989. WAP has a bootable execution disk for the program that includes the documentation on a disk file. This will is a "best buy." 4.0 CompuServe Tips and Techniques If your data comm program has the abilityhe same trick as mentioned above with Access /// interp and TCM. At WAP's $1.50, it is cheap. 3.6 XModem /// Gary Kato's XModem /// was developed as a commercial program in competi- tion with The Communications Manager. It is similar to TCM. Gary rrather pedestrian terminal program that does offer DEC VT-100 terminal emulation. It doesn't offer enough VT-100 emulation to access a DEC or IBM mainframe and have full-screen capability. It can NOT do uploads or downloads, tho you can probably use t /// world offers. WAP sells Kermit /// to members as disk number 3TEL-04 for $1.50. 3.5 Terminall Dave Ottalini, of Washington Apple Pi, got the manufacturer of Terminall to place its product in the public domain. It is available from WAP. It is a es no terminal. It can now set the Apple ///'s communications parameters from within the program, but it is still waiting for a good programmer to turn it into a full fea- tured data comm program. If you need Kermit protocol, this is all the Applesfer protocol especially popular in academic circles. All Kermit programs are in the public domain, there are versions for a wide variety of computers, and not all Kermits have the same capabilities. This one can only transmit text files. It emulat It is a dumb ASCII terminal. It can upload and download text files. Sun Remarketing sells it as Catalog Number 430-163 for $39. TCM is cheaper and better. 3.4 Kermit /// Kermit (Yes, it was named after the frog) is another error-free file tran's XModem file transfer functions. Consulting: Vendor Bob Consorti (72457,2401), Ed Gooding (70077,2327) 3.3 EasyTerm /// EasyTerm /// is a basic data communications package. Its DEC VT-52 ter- minal emulation is the same as no terminal emulation.e that TCM and Access /// have the same communications parameters (the openapple-S setup menu). Invoke Access /// and use it for most data comm purposes. When you need XModem trans- fer, invoke the TCM desk accessory from within Access ///, and use TCMtransfer protocol. It can transfer executable programs and graphics files. TCM as a desk accessory can combine with Access /// interpreter for those who need the former's XModem protocol plus the latter's VT-100 em- ulation or script files. Ensur data comm program supported by its vendor (ON THREE, check price) as of this writ- ing. It comes as both a program and as a The Desktop Manager (TDM) desk accessory. It offers DEC VT-52 (dumb ASCII terminal) emulation and the XModem error free file me very bright and knowledgeable people have been tripped up on that one. It's no longer fun to watch messages about "How come my screen has gone to the netherworld?" from new TCM owners. I suspect ON THREE's Bob Consorti is even more tired of that question than I am. CIS has two kinds of editor. One is active in the main sections, and it is joined by a lesser one in the forums. The default forum editor had been the lesser, but I'm not sure that is currently the case. In any event ease do not ever start a line with a "." or a "/" character. The former will upload and read fine, but it screws up folk who record the messages for later reading in Apple Writer. AW thinks any line that starts with a "." is a comment, and it won't prwriting me, the SEND TO would be "Al Bloom 76656,1514" with my name and a blank or two and my ID number. Then you get to type a terse subject. Then you get to choose a "section" of MAUG -- number "7" for Apple ///. If you are sending a message, plfallen into the bit bucket, you need to do more. First you need to know both the name and ID of the person you're sending to. Choose COMPOSE from the message menu. Then upload your file as above. Then you get to SEND TO someone. If you were . Then POST your message. I usually type "POST UNF" to post the message as I typed it with the same line lengths and tabs and paragraph breaks (UNFormatted). If you are sending an original message, or if the message you're REsponding to has s ///, followed by arrowing to TRANSMIT A FILE on the menu), send the file, escape back to "terminal" mode, and type "/EXIT" to finish the upload. I have best luck by pressing RETURN a couple times before typing the "/EXIT" to clear any garbageays. Just remember who you're sending the stuff to. Easiest is answering forum messages. Just type RE at the menu and enter the message number to which you are REsponding. At the prompt escape to your file transmission function (Openapple-S in Accesessage. The next time you log on to CIS, you can answer your mail by transmit- ting the response files you previously typed at leisure. With the "/EXIT to terminate" editor, you can send files with no (zero, zilch, nada) character and line delat Apple Writer permits. I use the "visible carriage return display" feature of Apple Writer (Numeric-pad 4, then press "G") to ensure that I've ended each line with the necessary RETURN. Keep your file size less than 2K (four blocks) for a forum mpple Writer) and read the traffic at your leisure. You may also type up responses at your leisure, saved as individual files. When you type up your message files, remember to end each line with a RETURN. CIS chokes on the page-long "lines" th session in the high-speed memory buffer and not actually do the relatively slow write to disk until you've logged off. After the CIS meter has stopped running. After you've logged off CIS, you can load your log file into any handy text editor (I use Aon't record to a 3.5 inch disk. It'll hang you up) and flip through the screens as fast as you can. One joy of Access /// Interpreter Version (WAP disk 3TEL-02) is that you can set your recording file's "buffer" quite large. You can capture a wholethink EDIT is the magic word, and SED is the bummer). Never read or answer CompuServe messages while you're on line unless someone else is paying for the connect time. That is why CIS is often abbreviated CI$. Record your session to a disk file (D comm program's "character" and "line" delays way high. If you enter a blank line, say between par- agraphs, it assumes your message has ended. If you don't see the "/EXIT when you're through" message, change the editor in your forum user pro- file (I you want the one that tells you to enter your text and type "/EXIT" when you're done. The lesser editor is bunches lesser. It is slow. If you transmit a file, instead of actually typing a response, it'll lose whole lines if you don't set yourint that line. The "/" will screw you up. CompuServe thinks any line that starts with a "/" is a command. Your message will be interrupted with UNRECOGNIZED COMMAND, and things will get worse from there. If you send a message with XModem protocol, please ensure that each line is ended with both a carriage return and a line feed. In Apple Writer, print the message to disk with CR = 1. Otherwise, it will look like ev- erything is on a single line. Very compact, but not very readable. Kermit d show the file type of "text" files as either "Textfile" or "Asciifile" . You can change the file-type from "Textfile" to "Asciifile, or back, with the Pascal editor. You do this from the "environment" screen while editing of text files. Both types are editable with the Pascal editor. One is an "Ascii" file and the other is a "text" files. You can find which you have by listing the file in the file section of System Utilities. The list willnly by computer programs. Files with file-types "Asciifile" and "Textfile" are text files. Files with other filetypes are binary files. (2) The second is that the Apple /// operating system distinguishes between two types " files, as discussed above. "Text" files can be transferred with ASCII protocol, binary files require a different protocol. In general "text" files can be edited and read as text while binary files are usually read og this can lead to a great deal of confusion. Just changing the suffix of a file does not change its file-type. The word "text" has three separate uses in relation to the Apple /// files. (1) The first use is in contrast "text" files with "binarye a suffix that identifies the file-type and this is usually done. Files with the suffix ".code" usu- ally have a file-type of "Codefile" and other suffixes are used simi- larly. However, it is possible to assign any suffix to any file and not knowinApple/// operating system (SOS) assigns a "file-type" to each file. The ones I have seen are "Asciifile", "Textfile", "Codefile", "Datafile" and "Sosfile". This "file-type" can be independent of the file name suffix. The preferred convention is to usr with RS232 communications. The underlying problem is that some bytes (each character uses one byte) are used for commands in Ascii pro- tocol and therefore (a) cannot be successfully transferred and (b) will probably interrupt the transfer. The is that it can be edited with the Pascal editor and contains only printable characters. I am not going to attempt a thorough explanation of the difference between "Text" and "bi- nary" files, but you may need to understand this area before going too fail later. You will need to have the same method available on both sides of the process. The simplest way to transfer data is with ASCII transfer. This works fine with text files. Ah, but what is a "text" file? A simplistic definition of a text filend XMODEM. The Ascii protocol is the "Vanilla" of this kind of communications. It is sometimes referred to as "No protocol". Compuserve calls it DC2/DC4 Capture protocol. XModem is more like the double chocolate flavor and is described in more deta your communications program is set up to "filter" out certain characters. Another thing to consider is that there are different ways of trans- ferring data. These methods are called "transfer protocols" and the main ones I use are ASCII aication programs on both ends of the line. Obviously, if you are using 9600 baud on one end, then you should NOT have the other end set up for 1200. In addition, you should check to see whether "line feeds" follow each carriage return and whetheroes not have that problem. Kermit "text transfer" knows about lines. 5.0 Data File Transfer Data communications parameters are a little more critical during file transfer than during normal chatting. You must have the same settings on the communthe file. You type "s)et e)nvironment" from within the Pascal editor to see this screen. Changing a file from "Textfile" to "Asciifile" will reduce its size by two blocks. (3) The third meaning is the suffix appended to the file name. Most files ending in ".text" have a file-type of "Textfile". Most files ending in ".code" or ".data" are binary files. In some cases it is better to transfer text files using ASCII rather than XModem. For example, IBM DOS uses a sligke standard corporate computer networks, the ARPA network could accommodate many different kinds of machine. As long as individual machines could speak the packet-switching lingua franca of the new, anarchic network, their brand-names, and their content, ng science fiction on the network was not work-related and was frowned upon by many ARPANET computer administrators, but this didn't stop it from happening. Throughout the '70s, ARPA's network grew. Its decentralized structure made expansion easy. Unliailing-list, an ARPANET broadcasting technique in which an identical message could be sent automatically to large numbers of network subscribers. Interestingly, one of the first really big mailing-lists was "SF- LOVERS," for science fiction fans. Discussiail. Not only were they using ARPANET for person-to-person communication, but they were very enthusiastic about this particular service -- far more enthusiastic than they were about long-distance computation. It wasn't long before the invention of the m. Researchers were using ARPANET to collaborate on projects, to trade notes on work, and eventually, to downright gossip and schmooze. People had their own personal user accounts on the ARPANET computers, and their own personal addresses for electronic mfact became clear. ARPANET's users had warped the computer-sharing network into a dedicated, high-speed, federally subsidized electronic post- office. The main traffic on ARPANET was not long-distance computing. Instead, it was news and personal messagesr facilities by long-distance. This was a very handy service, for computer-time was precious in the early '70s. In 1971 there were fifteen nodes in ARPANET; by 1972, thirty-seven nodes. And it was good. By the second year of operation, however, an odd after its Pentagon sponsor. The four computers could transfer data on dedicated high- speed transmission lines. They could even be programmed remotely from the other nodes. Thanks to ARPANET, scientists and researchers could share one another's computeich were in real need of good solid networking, for the sake of national research-and-development projects. In fall 1969, the first such node was installed in UCLA. By December 1969, there were four nodes on the infant network, which was named ARPANET, tagon's Advanced Research Projects Agency decided to fund a larger, more ambitious project in the USA. The nodes of the network were to be high-speed supercomputers (or what passed for supercomputers at the time). These were rare and valuable machines whs intriguing concept of a decentralized, blastproof, packet-switching network was kicked around by RAND, MIT and UCLA. The National Physical Laboratory in Great Britain set up the first test network on these principles in 1968. Shortly afterward, the Pend wildly across the field by whatever nodes happened to survive. This rather haphazard delivery system might be "inefficient" in the usual sense (especially compared to, say, the telephone system) -- but it would be extremely rugged. During the 60s, thi hot potato from node to node to node, more or less in the direction of its destination, until it ended up in the proper place. If big pieces of the network had been blown away, that simply wouldn't matter; the packets would still stay airborne, laterallehtly different convention in marking the end of lines in text files than does the Apple ///. If you transfer the file using ASCII protocol, the appropriate adjustment is usually made. Besides, XModem is painfully slow compared with straight tand even their ownership, were irrelevant. The ARPA's original standard for communication was known as NCP, "Network Control Protocol," but as time passed and the technique advanced, NCP was superceded by a higher-level, more sophisticated standard known as TCP/IP. TCP, or "Transmission Control Protocol," converts messages into streams of packets at the source, then reassembles them back into messages at the destination. IP, or "Internet Protocol," handles the addressing, seeing to it that packets are rng is now global. In 1971, a mere twenty-one years ago, there were only four nodes in the ARPANET network. Today there are tens of thousands of nodes in the Internet, scattered over forty-two countries, with more coming on-line every day. Three million, between networks.) ARPANET itself formally expired in 1989, a happy victim of its own overwhelming success. Its users scarcely noticed, for ARPANET's functions not only continued but steadily improved. The use of TCP/IP standards for computer networkihigh-tech research exercise in national security. Com, however, stood for "commercial" institutions, which were soon bursting into the network like rodeo bulls, surrounded by a dust-cloud of eager nonprofit "orgs." (The "net" computers served as gatewaysdu, com, org and net. (Graceless abbreviations such as this are a standard feature of the TCP/IP protocols.) Gov, Mil, and Edu denoted governmental, military and educational institutions, which were, of course, the pioneers, since ARPANET had begun as a The nodes in this growing network-of-networks were divvied up into basic varieties. Foreign computers, and a few American ones, chose to be denoted by their geographical locations. The others were grouped by the six basic Internet "domains": gov, mil, ester links, upgraded and expanded, again and again, in 1986, 1988, 1990. And other government agencies leapt in: NASA, the National Institutes of Health, the Department of Energy, each of them maintaining a digital satrapy in the Internet confederation. necessity. In 1984 the National Science Foundation got into the act, through its Office of Advanced Scientific Computing. The new NSFNET set a blistering pace for technical advancement, linking newer, faster, shinier supercomputers, through thicker, faand larger territories of people and resources. A fax machine is only valuable if *everybody else* has a fax machine. Until they do, a fax machine is just a curiosity. ARPANET, too, was a curiosity for a while. Then computer-networking became an uttere taxpayer little or nothing, since each node was independent, and had to handle its own financing and its own technical requirements. The more, the merrier. Like the phone network, the computer network became steadily more valuable as it embraced larger was difficult to stop people from barging in and linking up somewhere-or-other. In point of fact, nobody *wanted* to stop them from joining this branching complex of networks, which came to be known as the "Internet." Connecting to the Internet cost th TCP/IP became more common, entire other networks fell into the digital embrace of the Internet, and messily adhered. Since the software called TCP/IP was public-domain, and the basic technology was decentralized and rather anarchic by its very nature, itrowing galaxy of other linked machines. As the '70s and '80s advanced, many very different social groups found themselves in possession of powerful computers. It was fairly easy to link these computers to the growing network-of- networks. As the use ofANET itself remained fairly tightly controlled, at least until 1983, when its military segment broke off and became MILNET. But TCP/IP linked them all. And ARPANET itself, though it was growing, became a smaller and smaller neighborhood amid the vastly gouted across multiple nodes and even across multiple networks with multiple standards -- not only ARPA's pioneering NCP standard, but others like Ethernet, FDDI, and X.25. As early as 1977, TCP/IP was being used by other networks to link to ARPANET. ARP possibly four million people use this gigantic mother-of-all-computer-networks. The Internet is especially popular among scientists, and is probably the most important scientific instrument of the late twentieth century. The powerful, sophisticated access that it provides to specialized data and personal communication has sped up the pace of scientific research enormously. The Internet's pace of growth in the early 1990s is spectacular, almost ferocious. It is spreading faster than cellular phones, fficer, or a President and a Congress? There'd probably be a lot fewer new words in English, and a lot fewer new ideas. People on the Internet feel much the same way about their own institution. It's an institution that resists institutionalization. The sing and exploiting and teaching English, "English" as an institution is public property, a public good. Much the same goes for the Internet. Would English be improved if the "The English Language, Inc." had a board of directors and a chief executive ofdies to help you learn to read and write a bit). Otherwise, everybody just sort of pitches in, and somehow the thing evolves on its own, and somehow turns out workable. And interesting. Fascinating, even. Though a lot of people earn their living from uirs the Apple /// Special Interest Group. He is "72457,2401" on CompuServe or 72457.2401@Compuserve.Com. At WAP, you can e-mail to: Dave. Ottalini@TCS.WAP.ORG. CS.WAP.ORG. " on CompuServe or 72457.2401@Compuserve.Com. At WAP, you can e-mail to: Dav Apple Pi): 12022 Parklawn Drive; Rockville, MD. 20852; (301)-984-0300 Serves members and non-members. 250+ A3 PD disks. Non-member disk prices are higher. Dues $39.00 per year. TCS (expanded BBS) is extra for email and Internet. Dave Ottalini co-chars, or call 801-755-3360 for questions. Technical support costs $2.00 per minute. Call: 1-900-Sun-SRVC. , or if you have a Mac or PC and access to the Internet, their Web Page is at: http://www.sunrem.com/. E-mail to: sales@sunrem.com WAP (Washington is on MAUG (A2/A3 Forum)(GO APPUSER) at 75056,2110 (Internet: 75300.1543@COMPUSERVE.COM. His address and phone number are: 179-B Kent St. Brookline, MA. 021478; (617)-731-0662 ] SUN REMARKETING: PO Box 4059, Logan UT 84321. Phone 800-821-3221 for or- dehe "anarchy" of the English language. Nobody rents English, and nobody owns English. As an English-speaking person, it's up to you to learn how to speak English properly and make whatever use you please of it (though the government provides certain subsis" for anything. Each group of people accessing the Internet is responsible for their own machine and their own section of line. The Internet's "anarchy" may seem strange or even unnatural, but it makes a certain deep and basic sense. It's rather like tole, unlike the phone system, doesn't charge for long-distance service. And unlike most commercial computer networks, it doesn't charge for access time, either. In fact the "Internet" itself, which doesn't even officially exist as an entity, never "chargetocols, which are strictly technical, not social or political. (There has been some struggle over commercial use of the Internet, but that situation is changing as businesses supply their own links). The Internet is also a bargain. The Internet as a wh true, modern, functional anarchy. There is no "Internet Inc." There are no official censors, no bosses, no board of directors, no stockholders. In principle, any node can speak as a peer to any other node, as long as it obeys the rules of the TCP/IP promilitary and research institutions, into elementary and high schools, as well as into public libraries and the commercial sector. Why do people want to be "on the Internet?" One of the main reasons is simple freedom. The Internet is a rare example of aaster than fax machines. Last year the Internet was growing at a rate of twenty percent a *month.* The number of "host" machines with direct connection to TCP/IP has been doubling every year since 1988. The Internet is moving out of its original base in Internet belongs to everyone and no one. Still, its various interest groups all have a claim. Business people want the Internet put on a sounder financial footing. Government people want the Internet more fully regulated. Academics want it dedicated exclusively to scholarly research. Military people want it spy-proof and secure. And so on and so on. All these sources of conflict remain in a stumbling balance today, and the Internet, so far, remains in a thrivingly anarchical condition. Once upon a 79C";"PRESS ANY KEY TO HALT LISTING"::202 1020#2,B$(I),16,B)ž#242:::1160Z=1#2;A$:"78A";A$Z=Z+1:Z>1842:::Z=1980*:=23:=0::"79C";"CONTINUE...?":1C$:C$<>"Y"C$<>"y"C$<>"N"C$<>"n"10 MENU.MAKER TEXT MODULESEG=0"MENU.MAKER"890&*X=11000: TEXT SLOW-DOWN LOOP ,X.1,180,22:2,280,21:2,2380,23:z:A$="LISTING "+B$(I),16,B)$=01:=0::"80C";A$;::12)>=23:=0::" %(-5QY\adgjmruz  #NSN{"'*INYox{  %*/:>GIKMUclsy  $.BPV^dhxoqYLJ,h,VLJj)`X5L8,jL%,TP TcL,UUTdLXXL%lk,W0f,bPZ,[0W[cLZnoln _L" `L" aX ) ` ) `x,V0 %)(`J`l031e-Yx V(Y K`j) )g kkL)` kkLl ),b-cWLldWuoeQ,T0L@TEPd>gZ[M,h,oe$YHV ))ho kk0 qrÈȌk(`RȭS` l  o `ȩ`,Q0L HH`LB<Xf,T U K,U0x])] olXYmnpqVWZ[kj^)  ]] ^ ) (`\" ( Ù\ `ÍRȱÍSrks. The discussion groups, or "newsgroups," are a world of their own. This world of news, debate and argument is generally known as "USENET. " USENET is, in point of fact, quite different from the Internet. USENET is rather like an enormous billowing Internet mail is somewhat like fax. It's electronic text. But you don't have to pay for it (at least not directly), and it's global in scope. E-mail can also send software and certain forms of compressed digital imagery. New forms of mail are in the wor things, basically: mail, discussion groups, long-distance computing, and file transfers. Internet mail is "e-mail," electronic mail, faster by several orders of magnitude than the US Mail, which is scornfully known by Internet regulars as "snailmail." Internet backbones specially created for carrying business traffic. Today, even privately owned desktop computers can become Internet nodes. You can carry one under your arm. Soon, perhaps, on your wrist. But what does one *do* with the Internet? Foutime, the NSFnet's high-speed, high-capacity lines were known as the "Internet Backbone," and their owners could rather lord it over the rest of the Internet; but today there are "backbones" in Canada, Japan, and Europe, and even privately owned commercial30C$="N"C$="n"1160;:=23:=0::"79C";"PRESS ANY KEY TO HALT LISTING": $1020.202 8::Z=1B::=23:=0::"79C";"WOULD YOU LIKE A PRINTED COPY?":1C$:C$<>"Y"C$<>"y"C$<>"N"C$<>"n"1170*C$="N"C$="n"block is 512 bytes. This ex- plains why the number of blocks in a file decreases by 2 when you con- vert it from a "Textfile" to an "Asciifile". I realize that this is a little confusing and that this is not a thorough exposition of this area. or and change its file type to ascii file -- the Pascal Editor's S)et E)nvironment A)scii T)rue -- and then save the file. The converted file can be read by an Apple /// program or even by an IBM-type machine. File sizes are measured in blocks. Each r programs do the same thing in "straight text" mode. However, an XModem transfer will send the file in textfile format, which may or may not be desirable -- probably not. To convert a Pascal text file to an ascifile, load it into the Pascal editng -- and gain a lot -- by using the ascifile format. You don't have to convert a Pascal text file before "straight text" transmission via ACCESS /// or Kermit ///. Both automatically convert from textfile to ascifile format before sending. Otheext files in the Ascifile format that any program can read. This goes for Apple /// word processors, too. Neither AppleWriter nor Word Juggler can read a Pascal text file. But Pascal can read ascifiles as well as its own textfiles, so you lose nothiirst 1024 bytes of the file to store information about the file. You probably do not want to transfer this data unless you are connected to another Apple /// that can deal with a Pascal text file. For generality, you will usually want to transfer tprintable characters it can be transferred with Ascii proto- col. A file of file-type "Asciifile" is a true ascii file and can be trans- ferred without problem using Ascii protocol. Files with file-type "Textfile" on the other hand use the fe II Pascal executable program (codefile) from a MAUG library, but it will do you no good. It will not run on an Apple /// or on an IBM PC, so don't waste your money. A confusing note: if a binary file (say of file-type "Datafile") con- tains only the source file. Transferring binary files is not always useful. A particular binary file, such as an executable program, may have no use after being trans- ferred to a different kind of machine. For example you can certainly download an Appl most IBM communications programs. It does error checking and will transfer any file between two machines. XModem will spend as much time as it needs, resending data when needed, to be sure that the destination file contains exactly the same data asext transfer. Binary files (i.e files that have a file type such as "Codefile" or "Datafile" ) usually cannot be transferred using ASCII protocol. They can be transferred with XMODEM. XModem is available in the TCM program and is available inEAD PASCAL TEXT FILES."04=10:"78C";"ANY KEY RETURNS TO THE MENU."!>G$:::".D1/MENU.MAKER",320R",220(204::"79A";""; 2D=1:F=1 <#4;a$ FD=D+1 P#5;a$ZD=60#5;12)dD=60D=1nF=F+1::d$;::Y=1100:Y x13402  CATCH PASCAL TEXT FILES 202 :F*=08:"78C";"SORRY BUT MENU.MAKER CAN'T R".D1/MENU.MAKER",220 d$="" A$="PRINTING "+B$(I),16,B)=01:=0::"80C";A$;:#3,B$(I),16,B)Z=1#3;b$:"78A";b$Z=Z+1:Z=18:1290 1260 #4,B$(I),16,B)#5,".PRINTER"+ž#4#5;12):::".D1/MENU.MAKEThe hope is that this will give you enough clues to figure out what to do, or what to ask. 6.0 Vendors ON THREE: Orders to Joe Consorti; Apple /// Products, 6303 Green Garden Drive, Bakersfield, California 93313; 1-805-397-6118. The boss, Bob Consorti,